Wavelet regression model as an alternative to neural networks for monthly streamflow forecasting

The accuracy of the wavelet regression (WR) model in monthly streamflow forecasting is investigated in the study. The WR model is improved combining the two methods—the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) model and the linear regression (LR) model—for 1‐month‐ahead streamflow forecasting. In the first part of the study, the results of the WR model are compared with those of the single LR model. Monthly flow data from two stations, Gerdelli Station on Canakdere River and Isakoy Station on Goksudere River, in Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey are used in the study. The comparison results reveal that the WR model could increase the forecast accuracy of the LR model. In the second part of the study, the accuracy of the WR model is compared with those of the artificial neural networks (ANN) and auto‐regressive (AR) models. On the basis of the results, the WR is found to be better than the ANN and AR models in monthly streamflow forecasting. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Validity of the Bouchet’s complementary relationship at 102 observatories across China

Bouchet in 1963 hypothesized that for large homogeneous land surface with minimum advection of heat and moisture, there exists a 1:1 complementary relationship of potential and actual evaporation coupled through land-atmosphere feedbacks. The complementary relationship has been widely used to estimate regional actual evaporation and explain the pan evaporation paradox. We examine the standardized potential evaporation (potential evaporation divided by wet environment evaporation) at 102 observatories at different elevations across China. Generally, the relationship is appropriate at the low elevations (<1000 m). With the increase of elevation, vapor transfer power becomes much less than radiation energy budget because of lower vapor pressure deficit and stronger global solar radiation. As a result, at the high elevations (over 1000 m), the excess energy resulted by limited moisture availability is not enough to be converted into drying power of the air. This result suggests that the complementary relationship is asymmetric at the high elevations. Supported by the Presidential Special Award Foundation, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. O7R70020SD) and the National Key Technology R & D Program (Grant No. 2006BAC08B0408)     

Engineering vibration monitoring by GPS： long duration records

Monitoring the performance of any structure requires real-time measurements of the change of position of critical points.Different techniques can be used for this purpose,each one offering advantages and disadvantages.The technique based on satellite positioning systems(GPS,GLONASS and the future GALILEO)seems to be very promising at least for long period structures.The GPS in particular provides sampling rates that are able to track dynamic displacements with high accuracy.Its service ability is indepen...     

Evaporation Process in Soil Surface Containing Calcic Nodules on the Northern Loess Plateau of China by Simulated Experiments

Soil containing calcic nodules is widely present on the northern Loess Plateau of China owing to soil genesis under local climate conditions. In most studies, little attention is payed to the effect of calcic nodules on soil evaporation and ecoenvironment, resulting in inaccurate evaporation estimation in this kind of soil and further improper field water management measures and irrigation effects. In this paper, soil column experiments were conducted in order to investigate evaporation process in soil containing calcic nodules and the effect of calcic nodules on soil evaporation was determined. The results indicated that evaporation reduction was positively related to calcic nodule content (CNC = mass of calcic nodules/total mass), and could be estimated by the experiential equation: E_soil = E₀ (1 – 0.4 CNC) (E_soil = actual evaporation, E₀ = theory evaporation in soil without calcic nodules). When CNC was below 0.2, the impact could be neglected. While, as CNC exceeded 0.2, the impact needed to be considered during soil evaporation estimation. As CNC reached 0.5, soil evaporation could be reduced by 7.5 mm, accounting for around 10% of the total soil water. Water balance calculation in soil columns showed that water absorbed by calcic nodules was partially available to evaporation. Water available to evaporation was positively related to CNC, and this water could not exceed 63% of the water absorbed by calcic nodules. Generally, evaporation behavior was dominated by calcic nodule quantity and its water absorption. These results provide new ideas for irrigation measures in arid areas of the globe.     

轻型动力触探法与静力触探法检测粗砂相对密实度的相关性研究

大量的模型试验和现场试验结果表明,轻型动力触探和静力触探都可用于公路桥涵台背回填中粗砂的密实度检测,而且锤击数N10和锥尖阻力Qc存在着良好的线性关系。为了从理论上揭示两者的相关性的根源,采用拉德模型模拟了两种方法的试验过程,三维有限元数值分析得知,两种触探方法在砂土中的应力、应变和位移场有较大的相似性,验证了轻型动力触探和静力触探在中粗砂中试验结果相关性的必然性。     

北京市朝阳区多目标水量优化配置模型

进行了北京市朝阳区水资源经济优化模型的实例研究。提出了地表水、地下水、自来水、中水4种水源类型。考虑生活用水（城镇生活用水、农村生活用水）、工业用水（电子及通讯制造业用水,一般工业用水,石油化工用水,电力、蒸汽、热水的生产和供应业用水）、农业用水（种植业、渔业、林业、畜牧业）和生态环境用水等4大用水部门、十几个小用水部门,建立了多目标水资源规划模型,并运用单纯形法求解模型,计算了2010年、2020年的水资源量最佳分配。     

路堤沉降预测的Gompertz模型应用研究

高速公路路堤填筑过程可近似地看为一个线性加载的过程。笔者从土体应力-应变关系出发,证明了在线性加载或近似线性加载情况下,路堤沉降-时间曲线呈反“S”型特征,并由此建立了Gompertz沉降-时间预测模型,其中3个参数a、b和c可以通过SAS程序求解得到。多个工程实例的应用证明了该模型在路堤沉降预测中的合理性和实用性。     

一种适用于视频全站仪的数码相机检校方法

直接线性变换法是相机检校中常用的一种方法,在此基础上提出一种可应用于视频全站仪的数码相机检校方法,通过改变像方元素的单位,就可不必考虑标准单位和像素单位间的转化因子问题。进一步讨论了像素尺寸大小对系统误差的影响,并对像素大小的必要测定精度进行了公式推导。试验结果表明,该方法可以获得较好的校准结果。     

基于Min-Max算子的遥感影像线状地物提取

将模糊数学中极小-极大算子的概念引入到遥感影像线状地物的半自动提取中。实验结果表明该方法能够有效地克服影像上各种噪声的影响,提取速度较快并具有较强的鲁棒性。     

沙坡头人工植被区微生物结皮对地表蒸发影响的试验研究

微生物结皮是干旱半干旱地区生态系统的重要组成部分,其生态水文过程受到了广泛关注,但对微生物结皮在地表蒸发过程中的作用存在较大的争议。笔者利用微型Lysimeter对沙坡头地区几种典型微生物结皮和流沙地表的蒸发过程进行了试验观测,并与水面蒸发进行了对比分析。结果表明,结皮和流沙地表的蒸发速率随时间的变化趋势基本相同,但在不同的蒸发阶段具有各自不同的特点,总的说来,发育良好的苔藓结皮导致相对较少的无效降水,但在更长的时间维持较高的蒸发速率;流沙和初步发育的降尘结皮导致了较多的无效降水,但由于降水的入渗深度相对较深,需要更长的时间完成蒸发过程。