TOC changes in the process of thermal evolution of source rock and its controls

Through geological observation, simulation in laboratory and numerical modeling, the factors that control the changes in total organic content (TOC) of source rock have been studied. When the formula DTOC=(TOC0-TOC)/TOC0 (original organic carbon content in the rock) is used to measure the TOC (total organic carbon content) changes in the source rock through geological time, the degrees and directions of such changes are determined by losses and relative amounts both of organic and inorganic matter in the source rock. The DTOC equation, which is used to calculate the loss rate in the process of maturation for the source rock, is therefore obtained by analyzing the mass balance relations. For a certain type of source rock with a certain maturation history, the changes of its TOC respond only to the rates of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. In actual cases of geological entities, DTOC generally ranges from -0.05 to 0.2, while the calculated reconversion coefficient (k) for organic carbon content remains between 0.90 and 1.25. Only in an ideal situation where there are extremely high rates of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion can the DTOC value experience significant changes, with k reaching up to 2.5. It is concluded, therefore, that the criterion for carbonates source rock assessment, based on reconverting the TOC to the value of its original state, may have overestimated the course of the "carbon-reduction", which is likely in many cases to make a poor source rock sound better.     

Predicting strong motion parameters for the Chamoli earthquake of 28th March, 1999, Garhwal Himalaya, India, from simplified finite fault model

State of Uttaranchal in the northern part of India in the Garhwal Himalaya was hit by the Chamoli earthquake on 28th March, 1999 (GMT). This earthquake was recorded on a strong motion array installed in this region. The maximum peak ground acceleration of 353 cm/sec² was recorded at an accelerograph located at the Gopeshwar station at an approximate epicentral distance of 14 km. The simplified method of Midorikawa (1993) has been used to model finite fault responsible for causing the Chamoli earthquake. This method is based on the Empirical Green's Function (EGF) technique of Irikura (1986).Modifications in this method have been made to include layered earth model and transmission effects at each boundary by Joshi (2001). Rupture causing the Chamoli earthquake is placed in two structural models of the earth in this work: one is a homogeneous half space and other is the multi layered earth model. Comparison in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) is made between the simulated and actual strong motion parameters like peak acceleration and duration. It is seen that the introduction of multi layered earth system in this simplified technique is capable of significantly reducing the RMSE in observed and predicted strong motion parameters and defining the attenuation rate for peak ground acceleration of this earthquake.     

复杂结构地震动输入方向的基本原理及其影响

对于复杂结构，在动力分析中地震波的最不利输入方向对应着结构的最不利反应。本文从叠加原理出发，详细论述了用反应谱法求解结构的最不利输入方向问题，并通过工程实例来说明其影响程度。     

P-S波反射系数的一种小角度近似

从Aki和Richards在弱反差条件下给出的P-S波反射系数近似公式出发,提出了一种在小角度入射范围内的P-S波反射系数近似公式.为了得到该近似公式,对原公式中的角度项进行了二项式展开,直接利用入射角代替入射角的正弦.不同模型的计算表明,该近似在小角度入射范围内相当于Aki和Richards的原近似公式,在大角度时有一定改善.新的近似公式形式简单、涉及的弹性参数较少,容易应用到反演当中.另外,利用一阶小角度近似结果可以对横波阻抗进行反演.     

角度谱在快慢横波分离中的应用

横波在穿越裂隙介质时会分裂成平行裂隙的快横波和垂直裂隙的慢横波，其偏振角随着波传播的时间和空间而变化。利用角度谱可以有效地求取偏振角，从而分离快慢横波。这里介绍了角度谱的概念及其应用。     

从文化视角探讨广东经济困境

文化作为物质和精神的集合，不能与上层建筑完全等同，它对现代社会尤其是经济发展产生了越来越大的影响。同理，岭南文化与广东经济的近年回落也有着千丝万缕的联系。南粤历史上远离中原，缺乏懦家人文文化的熏陶，当今盲目模仿港澳又妨碍了西方批判精神的渗透。这些历史和现实的因素使得岭南文化有忽略儒家文化对理想人格追求的同时，又没有建立起像西方人文传统中文化所应有的批判力度，而具有庸俗性、肤浅性和短期性不足，造成广东经济发展缺乏企业文化、科技动力和诚信环境，难以适应市场经济、知识经济社会的需要。     

An Overview of Some Significant Eastern Canadian Earthquakes and Their Impacts on the Geological Environment,Buildings and the Public

Numerous moderate to large earthquakes have occurred in eastern Canada. Some ofthese events had significant geological effects such as surface faulting, liquefaction,submarine slumping, rock avalanches, rock falls, landslides, railroad embankmentslides, and one tsunami. Some of these earthquakes caused considerable damage tobuildings with unreinforced masonry elements that were located on thick clay deposits. These events also had strong psychological and social impacts, mainly due to the unpreparedness of the population. To minimize these impacts, programs should be designed to map the land and offshore areas most susceptible to mass movements (Earth Sciences), to define buildings most at risk (Engineering) and to educate the public about mitigation actions (Education, science popularization).     

四川巴中市南龛斜坡变形破坏机制分析与稳定性评价

在研究南龛斜坡自然地质环境条件、岩土物理力学参数以及现场勘探测试的基础上，采用地质分析、半定量的弹塑性有限元分析、定量的极限平衡法分析、因素敏感性分析以及可靠性分析等方法，分析了斜坡的成因机制和稳定性，并计算了其破坏概率。作者们认为该斜坡变形破坏的地质力学模式为溜滑－蠕滑－拉裂型；坡面上雨水入渗是斜坡溜、蠕滑、拉裂变形破坏的主导诱发因素。计算结果表明就整体而言，斜坡无论在天然和饱水状态都处于基本稳定状态，宏观上斜坡还不具备大规模滑动的条件；但在饱水状态下，局部地段特别是斜坡前缘坡体将处于不稳定或潜在不稳定状态。     

Initial rupture process of microearthquakes recorded by high sampling borehole seismographs at the Nojima fault, central Japan

We analyze high sampling waveforms of the initial part of P-wave recorded at the 1800-m-deep borehole seismographs at the Nojima fault from December 1999 to May 2000 to clarify the initial rupture process of microearthquakes. We select 12 events with high S/N, whose magnitudes range from −0.3 to 2.2 and hypocentral distances from 1 to 11 km. We adopt the two different source models by Sato and Hirasawa (1973) and by Sato and Kanamori (1999). The former (model by Sato and Hirasawa (SH model)) generates only a ramp-like onset of velocity pulse. The later (model by Sato and Kanamori (SK model)) is able to generate a weak initial phase that is controlled by a trigger factor and the length of pre-existing crack. We perform the waveform inversion to estimate the optimum source parameters of each model. Waveforms of 5 of the 12 events are clearly reproduced by both SH model and SK model with a large trigger factor and a small length of pre-existing crack. The others are explained by not SH model but only SK model with a small trigger factor and a large length of the pre-existing crack, indicating that the weak initial phase is a nucleation phase and reflects the source process. These seven events satisfy roughly a relation that a large event has a large length of the pre-existing crack; the final crack length is proportional to the length of the pre-existing crack.     

潘谢矿区水文地质特征与缩小防水煤柱机理

淮南潘谢矿区年总设计生产能力为 2 10 0× 10 4t。区内第四系松散层厚 16 9～ 437m ,为巨厚松散强含水层 ,设计留设80m防水煤岩柱 ,防水煤柱储量达 6× 10 8t。通过开展缩小防水煤柱试采研究工作 ,将原设计留设的 80m防水煤柱减小到6 0m左右 ,局部仅 40m。本文通过总结潘谢矿区 10年来缩小防水煤柱工作面成功的开采实践 ,比较系统地阐述了潘谢矿区水文地质特征、覆岩破坏规律及缩小防水煤柱机理。