DISTRIBUTION OF 3 EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE ZONES IN ESATERN TIENSHAN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH 2 HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES

The distribution of earthquake rupture zone plays a very important role in determining location of epicenter and magnitude of historical earthquake. There is still argument about the seismogenic structure of the 1842 M7 Balikun earthquake and the 1914 M7 1/2 Balikun earthquake in the historical records in eastern Tienshan. Through field geological survey, we confirm that there exist 3 rupture zones in Eastern Tienshan. These rupture zones, Tazibulake rupture zone on the Jian Quanzi-Luo Baoquan Fault, north of Shanshan, Xiong Kuer rupture zone on the south Balikun Basin Fault and Yanchi rupture zone on the south Yiwu Basin Fault, are closely related to 2 historical earthquakes. Based on historical literature and current geological evidence analysis, we infer that Xiong Kuer rupture zone was produced by 1842 M7 earthquake and Yanchi rupture zone by 1914 M7 1/2 earthquake, while Tazibukale rupture zone may represent another unrecorded historical event. South Balikun Basin Fault disturbs Quaternary stratigraphy which has a ¹⁴C age of 3110±30 B.P in the south of Balikun County, ~100km to the east of Xiong Kuer rupture zone, therefore we can't preclude the possibility that Xiong Kuer rupture zone extends to the south of Balikun County. This region overlaps with the meizoseismal area based on the literature document, together with the fact that the impact of 1842 earthquake is no less than 1914 earthquake, we believe that the magnitude of 1842 earthquake is no less than that of the 1914 earthquake.     

THE TECTONIC ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF AWANCANG FAULT IN THE LATE QUATERNARY,THE SUB-STRAND OF THE EASTERN KUNLUN FAULT

It is well known that the slip rate of Kunlun Fault descends at the east segment, but little known about the Awancang Fault and its role in strain partitioning with Kunlun Fault. Whether the sub-strand(Awancang Fault) can rupture simultaneously with Kunlun Fault remains unknown. Based on field investigations, aerial-photo morphological analysis, topographic surveys and ¹⁴C dating of alluvial surfaces, we used displaced terrace risers to estimate geological slip rates along the Awancang Fault, which lies on the western margin of the Ruoergai Basin and the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau, the results indicate that the slip rate is 3mm/a in the middle Holocene, similar to the reduced value of the Kunlun Fault. The fault consists of two segments with strike N50° W, located at distance about 16km, and converged to single stand to the SE direction. Our results demonstrate that the Awancang fault zone is predominantly left-lateral with a small amount of northeast-verging thrust component. The slip rates decrease sharply about 4mm/a from west to east between the intersection zone of the Awancang Fault and Kunlun Fault. Together with our previous trenching results on the Kunlun Fault, the comparison with slip rates at the Kunlun fault zone suggests that the Awancang fault zone has an important role in strain partitioning for east extension of Kunlun Fault in eastern Tibet. At the same time, the 15km long surface rupture zone of the southeast segment was found at the Awancang Fault. By dating the latest faulted geomorphologic surface, the last event may be since the 1766±54 Cal a BP. Through analysis of the trench, there are four paleoearthquake events identified recurring in situ on the Awancang Fault and the latest event is since (850±30)a BP. The slip rate of the Awancang Fault is almost equivalent to the descending value of the eastern part of the east Kunlun Fault, which can well explain the slip rate decreasing of the eastern part of the east Kunlun Fault(the Maqin-Maqu segment)and the characteristics of the structure dynamics of the eastern edge of the Tibet Plateau. The falling slip rate gradient of the eastern Kunlun Fault corresponds to the geometric characteristic. It is the Awancang Fault, the strand of the East Kunlun Fault that accommodates the strain distribution of the eastward extension of the east Kunlun Fault. This study is helpful to seismic hazard assessment and understanding the deformation mechanism in eastern Tibet.     

COSEISMIC SURFACE RUPTURES AND SEISMOGENIC MUJI FAULT OF THE 25 NOVEMBER 2016 ARKETAO MW6.6 EARTHQUAKE IN NORTHERN PAMIR

The M_W6.6 Arketao earthquake,which occurred at 14:24:30 UTC 25 November 2016 was the largest earthquake to strike the sparsely inhabited Muji Basin of the Kongur extension system in the eastern Pamir since the M 7 1895 Tashkurgan earthquake.The preliminary field work,sentinel-1A radar interferometry,and relocated hypocenters of earthquake sequences show that the earthquake consists of at least two sub-events and ruptured at least 77km long of the active Muji dextral-slip fault,and the rupture from this right-lateral earthquake propagated mostly unilaterally to the east and up-dip.Tectonic surface rupture with dextral slip of up to 20cm was observed on two tens-meter long segments near the CENC epicenter and 32.6km to the east along the Muji Fault,the later was along a previously existing strand of the Holocene Muji fault scarps.Focal mechanisms are consistent with right-lateral motion along a plane striking 107°,dipping 76° to the south,with a rake of 174°.This plane is compatible with the observed tectonic surface rupture.More than 388 aftershocks were detected and located using a double-difference technique.The mainshock is relocated at the Muji Fault with a depth of 9.3km.The relocated hypocenters of the 2016 Arketao earthquake sequence showed a more than 85km long,less than 8km wide,and 5~13km deep,NWW trending streak of seismicity to the south of the Muji Fault.The focal mechanism and mapping of the surface rupture helped to document the south-dipping fault plane of the mainshock.The listric Muji Fault is outlined by the well-resolved south-dipping streak of seismicity.The 2016 Arketao M_W6.6 and 2015 Murghob M_W7.2 earthquakes highlight the importance role of strike-slip faulting in accommodating both east-west extensional and north-south compressional forces in the Pamir interior,and demonstrate that the present-day stress and deformation patterns in the northern Pamir plateau are dominant by east-west extension in the shallow upper crust.     

中主应力对击实黄土强度和变形特性的影响

为研究中主应力对击实黄土强度和变形特性的影响,利用空心圆柱扭剪仪对击实黄土进行主应力轴方向为0°的定向剪切试验,重点探讨中主应力系数b对剪切过程中击实黄土强度和变形的影响。试验结果表明,在不同中主应力系数下试样的广义剪应力-应变曲线发展模式基本相同,其曲线差异不显著,剪切后期试样表现出显著的延性特性。中主应力对击实黄土的强度影响较大,b=0.25时归一化强度最大,而b=0.5时最小。当b从0到0.25时强度增加;当b=0.25时强度达到峰值,随着b的继续增加,强度迅速减小;当b=0.5时强度达到最小值,随着b的进一步增加,强度先增大后减小。随着中主应力系数b的增加,击实黄土的有效内摩擦角呈现增大的趋势,强度参数在b=0时最小,b=0.75时最大,b=1(三轴拉伸)高于b=0(三轴压缩)。     

高液限土路堤填筑的双指标控制方法研究

对于高液限土（包括改良的高液限土）填筑的路堤只用单一的压实度指标控制常常易导致质量隐患。通过试验研究提出一个采用空气率Va和压实度Dc双指标控制高液限土路堤填筑质量的方法,并给出了具体的控制标准。当压实度控制指标Dc≥93%时,高液限黏土和粉土空气率控制标准为4%≤Va≤8%,含砂高液限黏土和粉土空气率控制标准为6%≤Va≤13%。通过系统的试验研究,验证了双指标质量控制的可行性和有效性。研究结果表明,采用空气率和压实度双指标控制,不仅可以保证高液限土填筑路堤的强度和刚度,而且具有较好的水稳定性,为进一步充分利用高液限土作为路堤填料提供了技术支持。     

盾构隧道抬升作用下极限上覆土压力计算方法

注浆抬升技术是盾构隧道不均匀沉降治理的有效措施之一,但目前尚存在隧道抬升过程上覆土压力计算困难而无法估算抬升引起的隧道受力变形的问题。利用透明土结合PIV观测技术设计研发了模拟盾构隧道抬升的小比尺室内模型试验系统,通过试验获得了隧道抬升过程极限上覆土压力及上覆土速度场,根据上覆土的剪切滑移特征将上覆土分成了4个不同的运动区域,进而结合相关联流动法则,提出了隧道抬升作用下极限上覆土压力计算模型,并基于虚功平衡方程,推导了极限上覆土压力计算表达式。将计算所得的极限上覆土压力值与试验结果进行对比,两者有较好的吻合度,计算误差在4%～15%之间。     

双重孔隙介质中P1波在自由边界上的反射

对双重孔隙介质波动中的体波及P1波在半空间自由透水和不透水边界上的反射问题进行了详细的理论求解。通过数值计算,对双重孔隙介质中4种体波的弥散和衰减特性,以及不同边界上反射波振幅反射系数随P1波入射角和频率的变化进行了分析。结果表明：（1）P1、P2、P3和S波均具有弥散和衰减特性,P1波传播最快而衰减最慢,P3波传播最慢而衰减最快;（2）随着入射角的增大,反射P2、P3和S波的振幅反射系数均先增大后减小,反射P1波则先减小后增大,且边界透水条件对反射P2和P3波的振幅反射系数影响显著,对P1和S波的影响较小,但透水和不透水边界下振幅反射系数随入射角的变化趋势一致;（3）反射P2、P3波的振幅反射系数均随频率的增大而增大,且不透水边界下反射P2波的振幅反射系数大于透水边界下的反射系数,而反射P3波则相反;（4）随着频率增大,透水边界下反射P1波的振幅反射系数先增大后减小,不透水边界下先减小后增大再减小,反射S波的振幅反射系数随频率变化情况则与P1波相反。     

损伤破裂砂岩单轴蠕变特性试验研究

深部岩体工程处于高应力环境中,开挖破裂后的工程岩体在持续的高地应力作用下具有很强的时间效应,深入研究其峰后蠕变特性,具有重要的理论和实际应用价值。先采用RMT-150B型岩石力学试验系统对完整岩样进行单轴峰前屈服、峰后破裂卸载试验,制备出具有不同破裂损伤程度的峰前屈服、峰后破裂的损伤岩样;再采用RLW-2000型微机伺服岩石三轴流变仪对其进行单轴蠕变试验,研究其单轴蠕变力学特性。研究结果表明：损伤岩样波速与完整岩样相比,均出现了不同程度的降低;损伤岩样各级应力水平下,瞬时应变量均是随着应力水平的增加而逐步增加,且均符合线性函数关系;相同应力水平下,峰后破裂损伤岩样瞬时应变明显大于峰前屈服损伤岩样;各级应力水平下,总体上各蠕变量随着应力水平的增加而逐步提高,且均符合指数函数关系;相同应力水平下,峰后破裂损伤岩样蠕变量明显大于峰前屈服损伤岩样,且随着荷载水平的进一步提高,两者差异程度增加;损伤岩样各瞬时变形模量随着应力水平的增加均逐步提高,两者之间符合线性函数关系;各应力水平下对应的瞬时变形模量存在明显差异,岩样损伤程度越高,瞬时变形模量越低;各损伤岩样在各级应力水平下,改进的西原模型能够较好地模拟其单轴蠕变特征。     

复杂应力路径下饱水砂岩宏细观力学特性研究

饱水作用对砂岩变形及强度特征影响显著,考虑岩体实际赋存环境,为了解复杂应力路径下饱水砂岩宏细观力学特性,利用RMT-150C岩石力学多功能试验机及SEM电镜扫描技术,对饱水砂岩进行循环荷载作用后卸荷破坏试验,研究不同影响因素作用下的疲劳损伤特征,重点分析了加载频率、上限应力等因素对卸荷变形、强度及细观损伤特征的影响规律。研究表明,根据试验设计方案获得的饱水砂岩应力-应变曲线大致可以划分为5个典型阶段,其中,同一应力状态下,疲劳损伤阶段轴向不可逆应变在等速变形阶段的应变速率随加载频率的增大迅速增加,这表明上限应力的“门槛值”极有可能是变化的,且与加载频率及循环次数密切相关;同时,卸围压变形破坏阶段的总应变及围压卸荷量均随加载频率（或上限应力）的增大而减小,与该阶段持续时间随加载频率（或上限应力）的变化规律一致。不仅如此,通过分析饱水砂岩破坏面细观损伤特征发现,加载频率与上限应力作用下的细观损伤特征差异显著,其中破坏面微裂隙面积占比随加载频率增大而减小,上限应力则恰好相反。     

楔形刀具侵入岩石损伤破坏影响因素的理论分析及数值模拟

通过空腔膨胀理论研究楔形刀具几何参数（刃角）、岩石力学参数（抗压强度、泊松比）对刀具与岩石接触面下岩石弹-塑性交界面半径的影响。结果表明：刀具与岩石接触宽度一定时,刃角越小,岩体的损伤区域越大,从而导致弹-塑性交界面半径增大。在其他因素不变的前提下,岩石泊松比增大或者抗压强度增加都导致弹-塑性交界面半径减小。采用参数敏感性分析方法对3种影响因素的敏感性进行了分析,在接触宽度一定的条件下,刃角的大小对弹-塑性交界半径的影响最大。采用ABAQUS软件建立刀具侵入岩石的数值模型,研究表明,刃角的变化对文中定义的岩体内最大拉应力点空间位置以及最小梯度方向有着显著影响。