对称模式下的CHAMP弯曲角掩星数据同化

简单介绍了无线电掩星技术探测行星大气的发展史,列举了该技术中存在的若干问题。从 Eyre提出的统计学的最优估计反演方法,比较了用相位、弯曲角和折射率作为同化因子时出现的问题和各自的优缺点。对弯曲角同化因子,以欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)资料为背景场,运用一维变分技术,进行CHAMP掩星观测资料变分同化反演,从而获得水汽和温度剖面。将反演获得的气象剖面与非同化的剖面作比较,并且采用相应的探空气球资料作为验证,可以看出变分同化技术比传统的标准反演技术反演误差小。证实掩星数据资料的一维变分同化技术可以改进目前的数值天气预报模式。     

基于ECR与ECI星历数据的遥感影像定位

经典的共线方程中物方坐标系建立在地球表面,在航天摄影测量中,地面摄影测量坐标系的应用,增加了不同类型测量数据间联合处理的难度,限制了影像数据摄影测量处理的空间范围。本文介绍了基于视线方向的影像对地定位算法原理,并以此为基础建立了地心系下的航天影像摄影测量共线方程。针对地固地心系和空固地心系下星历数据的不同点,建立了基于两种地心系下星历数据的航天遥感影像定位严密模型,并对两种模型中偏流角处理的不同点进行了分析,最后给出了一个应用试验。     

Mechanism for the instability of slopes composed of granular materials

The mechanism of instability of slopes composed of granular materials was examined through a tilting-box experiment using an assembly of aluminium rods and direct shear tests. A detailed observation of the experiment and the simple physical model led to the following conclusion. Avalanching of granular materials is triggered by rotation of rods at the slope surface. The force inducing the rotation was caused by the weight of the particles transmitted through contact points. Therefore, the mechanism of avalanching of granular materials was not comparable to the shear mechanism that has been considered to be responsible for the instability of slopes made of granular materials. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

UPPER BOUND SOLUTION FOR PULLOUT CAPACITY OF ANCHORS ON SANDY SLOPES

By making use of limit analysis, an upper bound solution in a closed form for determining the ultimate pullout capacity of plate anchors buried in sandy slopes has been established. The anchor plate orientation has been considered either horizontal or parallel to the slope, with the pullout force applied perpendicular to the plate. It has been found that the pullout capacity for horizontal anchors, even on slopes, remains the same as that on horizontal ground surface as long as the average embedment ratio is kept constant. Whereas for anchors which are aligned parallel to the slope the collapse load decreases continuously with the increase in the inclination of slope. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of common reflection angle migration for imaging deformation structures in an inner accretionary wedge,Nankai Trough,Japan

To better image deformation structures within the inner accretionary wedge of the Nankai Trough, Japan, we apply common reflection angle migration to a legacy two-dimensional seismic data set acquired with a 6 km streamer cable. In this region, many seismic surveys have been conducted to study the seismogenic zone related to plate subduction. However, the details of the accreted sediments beneath the Kumano forearc basin are still unclear due to the poor quality of seismic images caused by multiple reflections, highly attenuated signals, and possibly complex geological structures. Generating common image gathers in the subsurface local angle domain rather than the surface offset domain is more advantageous for imaging geological structures that involve complex wave paths and poor illumination. By applying this method, previously unseen structures are revealed in the thick accreted sediments. The newly imaged geometric features of reflectors, such as the folds in the shallow part of the section and the deep reflectors with stepwise discontinuities, imply deformation structures with multiple thrust faults. The reflections within the deep accreted sediments (approximately 5 km) are mainly mapped to far angles (30°–50°) in the common reflection angles, which correspond to the recorded offset distances greater than 4.5 km. This result indicates that the far offset/angle information is critical to image the deformation structures at depth. The new depth image from the common reflection angle migration provides seismic evidence of multiple thrust faults and their relationship with the megathrust fault that is essential for understanding the structure and evolution of the Nankai Trough seismogenic zone.     

隐伏正断层错动致地表破裂变形特征的研究

通过建立三维计算模型,对隐伏正断层在均匀错动、倾斜错动和翘倾错动方式下地表土体的应力路径、破裂和变形特征进行了研究。根据地表破裂临界值,分析了工程建设“避让带”的宽度和起始位置的变化特征。根据行业规范,提出工程建设“关注带”的确定方法,分析了“关注带”的宽度和起始位置的变化特征,得到以下主要结论:①在断层错动过程中,位于两侧的地表土体应力路径变化明显不同,下盘一侧和上盘一侧分别以三轴拉伸和三轴压缩为主;②地表强变形带与地表破裂带的分布并不一致,需要综合考虑等效塑性应变和总位移比2个指标来评价同震地表错动对建筑物的影响;③当隐伏断层错动的垂直位移达到3m时,工程建设“避让带”的宽度在10—90m范围内变化,受上覆土体厚度和断层倾角的影响最大,而工程建设“关注带”的宽度在150—400m范围内变化,受上覆土体的性质影响最大。     

THE ACTIVITY OF WESTERN LISHAN FAULT SINCE THE LATE PLEISTOCENE

Along the northern piedmont of Mt. Lishan, the characteristics and locations of the active normal Lishan fault in west of Huaqing Pool provide important evidences for determining the seismotectonic environment, seismic stability evaluation of engineering in the eastern Weihe Basin. After reviewing the results from high-density resistivity method, seismic profile data, geological drillhole section and trenching in west of the Huaqing Pool, it is found that the strike of western normal Lishan Fault changes from EW direction at the eastern part to the direction of N60°W, and the fault consists of two branches, dipping NE with a high dip angle of~75°. The artificial shallow seismic profile data reveals that the attitude of strata near Lishan Fault mainly dips to south, which is presumed to be related to the southward tilt movement of Mt. Lishan since the Cenozoic. The section of geological drillhole reveals that since the late middle Pleistocene, the displacement of the paleo-soil layer S₂ is about 10m. And the maximum displacement of western Lishan Fault recorded in the paleo-soil layer S₁ reaches 7.8m since the late Pleistocene. In addition, evidences from trench profile show that the western Lishan Fault was active at least 3 times since Malan loess deposition with ¹⁴ C dating age(32 170±530)Cal a BP. The multiple activities of the Lishan Fault result in a total displacement about 3.0m in the Malan loess layer L₁. The latest activity of the western Lishan Fault produced a displacement of about 0.9m in the early Holocene loess layer L₀((8 630±20)Cal a BP)and caused obvious tensile cracks in the Holocene dark leoss layer S₀((4 390±20)Cal a BP). Briefly, we have obtained a vertical movement rate of about 0.11~0.19mm/a since the Holocene((8 630±20)Cal a BP)in the western extension of the Lishan Fault, the recurrence interval of earthquakes on the fault is about(10.7±0.5)ka, and the co-seismic surface rupture in a single event is inferred to be about 0.9m.     

GEODETIC AND TELESEISMIC CONSTRAINTS ON SLIP DISTRIBUTION OF 2015 MW6.4 PISHAN EARTHQUAKE

On July 3^rd, 2015, a M_W6.4 earthquake occurred on Pishan County, Xinjiang, located in the front of western Kunlun thrust belt, which is the largest earthquake(M_W6.0~7.0)in the past 40 years in this region. In this study, we collected both the near-filed geodetic coseismic deformation observations including 4 GPS sites and one high-resolution ALOS-2 InSAR imagery, and far-field teleseismic P waveforms from 25 stations provided by IRIS/USGS, to invert the fault parameters(strike and dip)and coseismic rupture model of 2015 M_W6.4 Pishan earthquake. Using the finite fault theory, a non-linear simulated annealing algorithm was employed to resolve our joint inversion problem. The strike (120°~130°) and dip angle(35°~40°)of optimal models are different from that of some previous studies, and the dip change is strongly constrained by combined data than that of strike. In fixing the geometric parameters of optimal fault model, we also considered data weight(5)(geodetic data/teleseismic P waveforms)and constrained weight from moment and smooth factor(2.5). Clearly, our results indicate that the slip distribution mainly concentrates in the depth range from 9 to 16km and a length range of 20km along the strike direction, which is similar to the spatial distribution of the relocated aftershocks. The maximum slip is~95cm. The seismic moment release is 5.45×10¹⁸N·m, corresponding to M_W6.42. Compared with the single data set, geodetic data or teleseismic waveform, our joint inversion model could simultaneously constrain the seismic moment and slip distribution well, thus avoiding effectively a lower-resolution rupture distribution determined by teleseismic-only inversion and a bias released moment estimated by the geodetic-only inversion. Importantly, we should consider both the near-field geodetic data and far-field teleseismic data in retrieving the rupture model for accurately describing the seismogenic structure of active fault in western Kunlun region.     

H/V谱比方法在强震记录应用中几个影响因素的初步研究

随着我国强震记录的积累,利用强震记录进行工程场地抗震设防研究成为必然。使用滇西南地区2007—2011年间强震台网记录到的强震动记录数据,研究使用水平/垂直谱比法(H/V)处理强震数据时的几个影响因素。通过研究发现:在使用H/V谱比法进行场地地震效应研究时,强震记录和地脉动记录存在较大的不同;使用强震记录可以获得更多的震源和台站场地参数信息,但这同时也相应增加了强震数据使用时的难度。比较国内外学者使用强震数据进行场地地震效应的研究成果,分析在使用强震数据时存在的问题,最终给出使用强震记录研究场地效应的建议。     

断裂带首波研究进展

断裂带首波是沿着存在物性差异界面传播的一种地震折射波,在传播过程中携带了断裂带的重要信息,对分析和研究断裂带以及附近区域的精细结构提供了一种新的分析方法。本文主要阐述断裂带首波的产生原理、波形特征、识别及分析方法等,介绍目前国际上识别及利用断裂带首波开展断裂带特征方面的研究现状,并针对地震危险区域存在物性差异的断裂带,提出可结合密集台阵观测技术,利用断裂带首波进行断裂带精细结构探测及其变化监测研究,提高潜在孕震环境及发生机理的认识水平。