图像分析法在岩土结构中的应用

为了揭示土体工程特性与其结构变化之间的内在规律性,探讨了图像分析方法在岩土结构研究中的发展历程,从基本原理上分析了各种图像处理技术在岩土的宏、细观结构研究中的特点。宏观上主要是利用跟踪技术,针对土体中标志点的移动来定量分析岩土的力学性能;微观上主要是利用电子扫描显微技术对土的微观结构进行定量分析,同时部分学者还发展了X射线计算机扫描技术。最后提出利用远距离、远心显微镜头和电荷耦合器件(CCD)共同作用,开辟了一种新的岩土动、静态微细结构研究方法。     

基于多像对的近景摄影测量相机对标定

本文利用共线方程进行线性变换与非线性变换的方法实现非量测型相机标定,分三步求解相机内方位元素、透镜畸变参数、外方位元素,再利用解析相对定向方法进行固定相机对的相对模型参数的标定。利用多像对相对定向得到与绝对模型大小一致的立体模型,在求解地物尺寸大小这类不需要坐标数据的应用上非常有效。     

弱变形域成矿及其地质意义

控制热液矿床的成矿构造可分为两大类,一类是由构造动力破坏(构造致裂)为主形成的成矿构造——简称构造型成矿构造,另一类是由流体动力破坏(液压致裂)为主形成的成矿构造——简称流体型成矿构造。在分解变形构造场中,构造型成矿构造一般受控于面型强变形带(P域),而流体型成矿构造一般受控于构造透镜体弱变形域(Q域)。通过对典型控矿构造透镜体系统的解析,认为在韧性域与脆–韧性域,剪切带可以通过变形分解形成由面型强变形带组成的成矿场与由透镜状弱变形域组成的成矿场。当剪切带分别处于韧性、脆–韧性及脆性域时,强变形成矿场在韧性变形条件下不成矿,而在脆–韧性及脆性变形条件下则成矿;弱变形成矿场在韧性域与脆–韧性域时成矿,而在脆性域时则不成矿。上述既有联系又有差别的两类成矿场的对比研究,不仅有助于矿床建模、成矿预测与成矿构造、矿床成因等的深入研究,而且有助于将构造动力、流体动力、成矿构造、成矿流体等要素有机统一,建立构造透镜体型成矿系统;有助于揭示变形分解作用、液压致裂作用、构造泵吸作用三者之间的耦合关系,丰富成矿构造学的研究内容。     

钙质砂水理性质及对岛礁淡水透镜体形成的影响

钙质砂的水理性质对岛礁地下淡水透镜体的形成至关重要。通过室内试验的方法从透水性、容水性和给水性3个方面对南海钙质砂的水理性质进行了研究,并在此基础上进一步结合数值模拟手段,探讨了上述相关性质对岛礁淡水透镜体形成的影响。结果表明：南海钙质砂多具有级配不良且不均匀的特征;其渗透系数通常在0.023~110 m/d之间,区域间差异较大,而孔隙度和给水度则主要集中在0.40~0.55和0.012~0.310之间,与同粒径范围的陆源砂相比,呈现出容水性好但给水性偏低的特征。钙质砂的水理性质对岛礁地下淡水透镜体形成的影响主要体现在流速、厚度、资源储量以及形成时间等方面,其中钙质砂的透水性越好,地下水中的流速越快,咸淡水间的混合作用越强,导致淡水透镜体的厚度越薄,储量越少;给水性则主要影响钙质砂中淡水透镜体的资源储量,对淡水透镜体的厚度及形状影响较小。     

Impact of a low-permeability lens on dune-induced hyporheic exchange

Hyporheic exchange induced by dunes is a key process controlling water fluxes and biogeochemical processes in river networks. Owing to the limitations of instrumental detection at small spatial scales, previous studies have focused mainly on dune-induced hyporheic exchange in homogeneous systems. A low-permeability lens is a natural, widespread heterogeneity in stream beds, and probably affects the processes of water flow and contaminant transportation significantly. To quantitatively analyse the response mechanism of hyporheic exchange to a low-permeability lens, a two-dimensional dune-generated hyporheic exchange model was developed using the VS2DH model. The results indicate a lens in a stream bed can hinder or enhance hyporheic exchange processes, depending on its relative spatial location to dunes. Both the increase in length and thickness of the lens could strengthen its impacts on hyporheic exchange. Regional groundwater–surface water interactions of higher intensity suppress the flow of hyporheic exchange in a stream bed with a low-permeability lens.     

Mitigating systematic error in topographic models for geomorphic change detection: accuracy,precision and considerations beyond off-nadir imagery

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and structure-from-motion photogrammetry enable detailed quantification of geomorphic change. However, rigorous precision-based change detection can be compromised by survey accuracy problems producing systematic topographic error (e.g. ‘doming’), with error magnitudes greatly exceeding precision estimates. Here, we assess survey sensitivity to systematic error, directly correcting topographic data so that error magnitudes align more closely with precision estimates. By simulating conventional grid-style photogrammetric aerial surveys, we quantify the underlying relationships between survey accuracy, camera model parameters, camera inclination, tie point matching precision and topographic relief, and demonstrate a relative insensitivity to image overlap. We show that a current doming-mitigation strategy of using a gently inclined (<15°) camera can reduce accuracy by promoting a previously unconsidered correlation between decentring camera lens distortion parameters and the radial terms known to be responsible for systematic topographic error. This issue is particularly relevant for the wide-angle cameras often integrated into current-generation, accessible UAV systems, frequently used in geomorphic research. Such systems usually perform on-board image pre-processing, including applying generic lens distortion corrections, that subsequently alter parameter interrelationships in photogrammetric processing (e.g. partially correcting radial distortion, which increases the relative importance of decentring distortion in output images). Surveys from two proglacial forefields (Arolla region, Switzerland) showed that results from lower-relief topography with a 10°-inclined camera developed vertical systematic doming errors > 0·3 m, representing accuracy issues an order of magnitude greater than precision-based error estimates. For higher-relief topography, and for nadir-imaging surveys of the lower-relief topography, systematic error was < 0·09 m. Modelling and subtracting the systematic error directly from the topographic data successfully reduced error magnitudes to values consistent with twice the estimated precision. Thus, topographic correction can provide a more robust approach to uncertainty-based detection of event-scale geomorphic change than designing surveys with small off-nadir camera inclinations and, furthermore, can substantially reduce ground control requirements. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

珠江口低盐透镜现象的声传播特性分析

低盐透镜现象是珠江口陆架海域常见的一种中尺度现象,它的出现会影响水下声传播环境。利用南海北部陆架区的CTD资料分析了低盐透镜的结构特征,基于简正波和射线模型,建立二维波导环境,设置不同声源条件,对低盐透镜环境的声传播特性进行了研究。结果表明:低盐透镜会在海水上层形成声道,距离15 km处其传播损失较没有低盐透镜的情况小约15 dB。虽然低盐透镜声道厚度通常较小,但是较大的盐度梯度可以保证声道对声能的有效传播。当频率高于截止频率的声源置于低盐透镜内,声道效应有助于声音的远距离传播。     

近地天体望远镜配置大阵面CCD后轴外像差的校正

近地天体望远镜由SI600S (4k×4k) CCD升级为STA1600LN (10k×10k) CCD后,观测视场由4 deg~2增至9 deg~2,可用视场直径由望远镜原设计视场的3.14°增至4.28°,超出原设计36%,同时作为CCD密封窗的场镜增厚8.75 mm;两个因素导致10k CCD成像的轴外像差增大,视场外围的像质变差.依据望远镜原始设计光学参数,借助光学设计软件ZEMAX进行像质改善尝试,最终选择在10k CCD场镜前插入一个由两片球面透镜组成的场改正镜,使10k CCD的轴外像差得到校正.同时还提出了一个进一步拓展近地天体望远镜观测能力的设计方案,将望远镜的可用视场从目前的14.38 deg~2扩展至28.27 deg~2.     

Polarisation measurements with a CdTe pixel array detector for Laue hard X-ray focusing telescopes

Polarimetry is an area of high energy astrophysics which is still relatively unexplored, even though it is recognized that this type of measurement could drastically increase our knowledge of the physics and geometry of high energy sources. For this reason, in the context of the design of a Gamma-Ray Imager based on new hard-X and soft gamma ray focusing optics for the next ESA Cosmic Vision call for proposals (Cosmic Vision 2015-2025), it is important that this capability should be implemented in the principal on-board instrumentation. For the particular case of wide band-pass Laue optics we propose a focal plane based on a thick pixelated CdTe detector operating with high efficiency between 60–600keV. The high segmentation of this type of detector (1–2mm pixel size) and the good energy resolution (a few keV FWHM at 500keV) will allow high sensitivity polarisation measurements (a few % for a 10mCrab source in 10⁶s) to be performed. We have evaluated the modulation Q factors and minimum detectable polarisation through the use of Monte Carlo simulations (based on the GEANT 4 toolkit) for on and off-axis sources with power law emission spectra using the point spread function of a Laue lens in a feasible configuration.     

MAX, a Laue diffraction lens for nuclear astrophysics

The next generation of instrumentation for nuclear astrophysics will have to achieve a factor of 10–100 improvement in sensitivity over present technologies. With the focusing gamma-ray telescope MAX we take up this challenge: combining unprecedented sensitivity with high spectral and angular resolution, and the capability of measuring the polarization of the incident photons. The feasibility of such a crystal diffraction gamma-ray lens has recently been demonstrated with the prototype lens CLAIRE. MAX is a proposed mission which will make use of satellite formation flight to achieve 86 m focal length, with the Laue lens being carried by one satellite and the detector by the other. In the current design, the Laue diffraction lens of MAX will consist of 13740 copper and germanium (Ge_1−x Si _x , x ∼ 0.02) crystal tiles arranged on 36 concentric rings. It simultaneously focuses in two energy bands, each centred on one of the main scientific objectives of the mission: the 800–900 keV band is dedicated to the study of nuclear gamma-ray lines from type Ia supernovae (e.g. ⁵⁶ Co decay line at 847 keV) while the 450–530 keV band focuses on electron-positron annihilation (511 keV emission) from the Galactic centre region with the aim of resolving potential point sources. MAX promises a breakthrough in the study of point sources at gamma-ray energies by combining high narrow-line sensitivity (better than 10⁻⁶ cm⁻² s⁻¹) and high energy resolution (E/dE ∼ 500). The mission has successfully undergone a pre-phase A study with the French Space Agency CNES, and continues to evolve: new diffracting materials such as bent or composite crystals seem very promising. PACS: 95.55.Ka, 29.30.Kv, 61.10.-i