Interaction between a surface jet and subsurface vortices in a three-layer quasi-geostrophic model

This study focuses on the interaction between mid depth vortices and surface jets and fronts in a three-layer quasi-geostrophic model. Such vortices may be regarded as an idealisation of meddies, eddies of Mediterranean Water in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, interacting with the Azores j t and front. Successively, a single vortex, a vortex doublet and a vortex pair (in the middle layer) are studied. When a single vortex is considered, the jet has a critical effect of its motion, temporarily slowing down its zonal drift and accelerating it meridionally as the vortex crosses the front. On the contrary, if the vortex does not cross the front, it can drift fairly rapidly along it. The merger of a vortex doublet (two like-signed vortices) below a surface jet is possible whatever the relative position of this doublet with respect to the jet axis. Nevertheless, doublets initially located below the front, will undergo stronger shear and merger efficiency will be diminished. The merged vortex will be circled at the surface by a large meander of the jet. Finally, eastward jet-dipole interaction experiments are performed with various orientations of the vortex dipoles. Eastward propagating dipoles below the jet follow it without deformation. Southeastward drifting dipoles finally join the previous evolution. Southward and southwestward directed dipoles cross the surface jet southeastward. The presence of meanders initially on the jet does not prevent its crossing by a single vortex. Characteristics of the surface jet meanders are also described for a possible remote detection of this process.     

北京五环城区浅部沉积层的三维地质结构建模

随着城市地下空间的开发利用,对三维地质结构的掌握成为科学合理开发利用地下空间的基本前提,三维地质模型的创建也得以迅速发展。三维地质结构模型可以直观展示地层空间分布形态,为地下空间资源的科学规划提供基础数据。本次工作首次完成了北京五环城区(750 km~2)的三维地质结构模型创建。建模工作基于研究区广泛分布的数千工程钻孔,通过筛选、标准化钻孔数据,绘制相应标准化地层剖面(107条),创建了钻孔模型,以及北京五环城区地下50 m以浅三维地质结构模型,并完成精度验证。本次建模过程整理了大量工程钻孔数据,综合考虑了冲洪积扇发育区地层互层、相交、尖灭、透镜体等复杂的地质现象,具有代表性,可为类似地质建模工作提供借鉴。此外,北京城区三维地质结构模型直观展示了研究区浅部的地层分布与地层结构,为后续三维属性模型的创建提供了实体框架,亦为区内地下空间资源地质评价提供了数据支撑。     

珊瑚礁岛屿淡水透镜体研究综述

淡水透镜体是珊瑚礁岛屿上重要的地下淡水资源,对于满足人们的日常生活需要和维护珊瑚礁岛屿的生态系统非常关键。文章回顾了国内外珊瑚礁岛屿淡水透镜体的研究历程,介绍了它的理论和特征,综述了其发育和演化与岛屿的水文地质、气候、潮汐、地形和植被等的关系。另外,自然压力,诸如干旱、海水入侵、海平面升高和岛的机械侵蚀等,以及人为压力,如过多抽取淡水、污染、地形改变和海岸工程等,都对珊瑚礁岛屿淡水透镜体的稳定造成了威胁,对这类干扰方面的研究也有很多。文章还介绍了常用的淡水透镜体研究模型,包括物理模型、解析模型和数学模型,并对其在淡水透镜体中的研究应用作了概述。对中国珊瑚礁岛屿淡水透镜体的研究现状也作了介绍,研究涉及西沙群岛永兴岛珊瑚礁淡水透镜体的厚度、抽取地下水导致的倒锥现象和生物修复等方面。最后,文章对南海珊瑚礁岛屿淡水透镜体的研究作出展望,提出开展对南海其他珊瑚礁岛屿淡水透镜体的研究工作,以及如何使抽取的地下水除污并可供饮用。     

The Development of Camera Calibration Methods and Models

Correction for image distortion in cameras has been an important topic for as long as users have wanted to faithfully reproduce or use observed information. Initially the main application was mapping. While this task continues today, other applications also require precise calibration of cameras, such as close range three dimensional measurement and many two dimensional measurement tasks. In the past, the cameras used were few in number and highly expensive whereas today a typical large industrial company will have many inexpensive cameras being used for highly important measurement tasks. Cameras are used more today than they ever were but the golden age of camera calibration for aerial mapping is now well in the past. This paper considers some of the key developments and attempts to put them into perspective. In particular the driving forces behind each improvement have been highlighted.     

苏北东海地区超高压变质带内的斜卧褶皱

详细的野外观察和制图证实，在苏北东海地区的驼峰、房山及虎山等超高压（UHP）变质带岩石出露地段，都有不同尺度的斜卧褶皱发育。在详细地描述了典型的斜卧褶皱组成、几何形态、位态及其形成的物理环境之后，指出斜卧褶皱及分隔它们的韧性剪切带，在构造上，是组成超高压变质带构造柱的两个基本要素，是在超高压变作用期后伸展体制及角闪岩相条件下形成的。同超高压变质作用的残余构造，只保留于大的榴辉岩和超镁铁质结构透镜体核部。无疑，在超高压变质岩石露头区地表构造研究所得的结果，对在东海地区第四纪沉积物所掩盖区实施的大陆科学钻探工程中揭露的地质现象解释，有重要参考意义。强调指出，大陆科学钻探工程所揭示的地壳构造，可能主要代表角闪岩相及伸展体制下的变形特征。     

Gravitational lensing by stars in a galaxy halo: Theory of combined weak and strong scattering

The theory of gravitational lensing of background quasars by stars in the halo of a galaxy is considered. In the limiting case of small ‘optical depth’, only one star is close enough to the beam to cause strong scattering, and the effect of all the other stars is treated as a perturbation with both systematic and random components. The perturbation coming from weak scattering can increase the number of images and the amplification in those cases where the amplification is already high; such events are preferentially selected in flux limited observations. The theory is applicable to the apparent association of background quasars with foreground galaxies. A comparison with earlier work on the same problem is given. The relevance of these results to gravitational lensing by galaxies as perturbed by random inhomogeneities surrounding the ray path is also briefly discussed.     

微区X射线衍射在矿物鉴定中的应用实例

介绍了微区X射线衍射仪发展的现状,给出了微区X射线衍射仪鉴定物相的研究实例,并讨论了微区X射线衍射法的优、缺点。通过配置有封闭3kWX射线光管、单毛细管透镜、Pixcel探测器和普通CCD视频的Panalytical X’Pert PRO MPDX射线衍射仪,对光片上的铍矿物进行了微区X射线衍射鉴定,结果确定该铍矿物为羟硅铍石。微区X射线衍射法具有微区、微量、原位和无损等优点,能够进行直径在100～300μm范围内的两种或两种以上矿物集合体的物相鉴定。与电子探针等微区手段相互结合、互相补充,鉴定结果更加可靠。     

Copper Mosaic Crystals for Laue Lenses

Large single crystals of copper with an uniform and very narrow mosaic spread between 25 seconds and 1 minute of arc are now available at I.L.L. This result is of great interest in the construction of a Laue lens for astrophysical applications for which such quality copper single crystals may be used. The X-ray diffraction properties of copper single crystals produced at I.L.L. were studied for x-ray energies ranging from 100 keV to 400 keV. Several monocrystalline plates with different thicknesses and mosaic distributions were then prepared from the as-grown crystals in order to measure their diffraction efficiency as a function of energy. As expected, the value of the peak reflectivity depends on the crystal thickness. Reflectivity measurements show the excellent properties of copper crystals for gamma-ray diffraction. A peak reflectivity of 24% was measured at 220 keV from a copper single crystal of 3.75 mm thickness having a mosaic spread of 1.5 minutes of arc. Some technical aspects on the preparation of copper single crystal plates are also discussed.     

数码相机标定参数对摄影测量精度的影响分析

数码相机的标定参数包括相机的内方位元素和各项镜头畸变差。从摄影测量的理论出发,通过空间前方交会试验,分析并统计了相机标定的各参数对摄影测量精度的影响。     

Microscopic and environmental controls on the spacing and thickness of segregated ice lenses

The formation of segregated ice is of fundamental importance to a broad range of permafrost and periglacial features and phenomena. Models have been developed to account for the microscopic interactions that drive water migration, and predict key macroscopic characteristics of ice lenses, such as their spacings and thicknesses. For a given set of sediment properties, the temperature difference between the growing and incipient lenses is shown here to depend primarily on the ratio between the effective stress and the temperature deviation from bulk melting at the farthest extent of pore ice. This suggests that observed spacing between ice lenses in frozen soils, or traces of lenses in soils that once contained segregated ice, might be used to constrain the combinations of effective stress and temperature gradient that were present near the time and location at which the lower lens in each pair was initiated. The thickness of each lens has the potential to contain even more information since it depends additionally on the rate of temperature change and the permeability of the sediment at the onset of freezing. However, these complicating factors make it more difficult to interpret thickness data in terms of current or former soil conditions.