Gelifluction within a solifluction lobe in the Kärkevagge valley, Swedish Lapland

Soil displacement, soil temperature, depths of thaw plane and groundwater level were continuously monitored during the period from July 1999 to June 2000 within a solifluction lobe in the Kärkevagge valley, northern Sweden. The strain–probe method was used to measure soil displacement, and we found significant soil displacements in the thawing period 2000. These displacements were the result of gelifluction. The ice content profile showed that gelifluction occurred at the same time as the thaw plane reached the layers with high ice content at shallow soil depths (0–6 and 16–25 cm deep). In contrast, gelifluction did not occur when the thaw plane reached the layers with high ice content at greater depth (46–49 cm deep). These observations indicate that thawing of ice lenses in the near–surface layer triggers gelifluction.     

Near–surface ground temperature regime variability in selected microenvironments, Kärkevagge, Swedish Lapland

The importance of topographic microvariability in influencing shallow (10–50 cm depths) soil temperature regimes in arctic–alpine Kärkevagge, northern Sweden, from August 1999 to July 2000 is demonstrated using six sites. The ground microclimate on the tops of very large boulders forming an extensive boulder field in the central valley bottom is more comparable to that at an alpine ridge–crest site 300 m higher than it is to the microclimate at the base of one of the boulders. The boulder crests also differ substantially from the more generalized valley–bottom conditions outside the boulder field. Assuming that chemical processes may be active at temperatures at or above 0°C, sites in the valley experience favorable conditions from 159 to 324 days of the year. Aside from the annual cycle, freeze–thaw cycles are infrequent within Kärkevagge.     

Near–surface ground temperature regime variability in selected microenvironments, Kärkevagge, Swedish Lapland

The importance of topographic microvariability in influencing shallow (10–50 cm depths) soil temperature regimes in arctic–alpine Kärkevagge, northern Sweden, from August 1999 to July 2000 is demonstrated using six sites. The ground microclimate on the tops of very large boulders forming an extensive boulder field in the central valley bottom is more comparable to that at an alpine ridge–crest site 300 m higher than it is to the microclimate at the base of one of the boulders. The boulder crests also differ substantially from the more generalized valley–bottom conditions outside the boulder field. Assuming that chemical processes may be active at temperatures at or above 0°C, sites in the valley experience favorable conditions from 159 to 324 days of the year. Aside from the annual cycle, freeze–thaw cycles are infrequent within Kärkevagge.     

五镜头倾斜状态下航空摄影测量的应对策略

在五镜头倾斜状态下,航空摄影地物高度测量容易出现测量精度不足,不能达到标准要求,为此提出五镜头倾斜状态下航空摄影地物高度测量方法。确定五镜头的倾斜状态,对影像重叠度进行优化,得到摄影中心空间位置,建立地物高度测量空间坐标系,规划比例尺与定位精度,最后以坐标系为标准,利用比例尺及定位精度完成对地物高度测量。实验结果表明,在五镜头倾斜状态下使用提出的航空摄影地物高度测量方法,与常规的测量方法相比测量精度提高了53.1%,测量精度达到标准要求,适合于五镜头倾斜状态下航空摄影地物高度测量。     

南海珊瑚礁人工岛淡水透镜体形成过程及影响因素

中国目前在珊瑚礁上建设人工岛的目标是建成生态宜居岛屿,人工岛地下海水在降雨入渗驱替作用下逐渐淡化,形成的淡水透镜体是支撑岛屿生态系统的重要水源。本文针对南海珊瑚礁普遍存在的上土下岩的二元地质结构,考虑不同测量方法得到的南海人工岛填筑所用珊瑚砂渗透系数存在较大差异,建立了珊瑚礁人工岛淡水驱替海水形成淡水透镜体的动态模拟模型,对南海某珊瑚礁人工岛开展了系列数值模拟研究。结果表明,人工岛礁二元地质结构不同的渗透性对人工岛淡水开始形成时间无明显影响,填岛完成2年左右的时间可观测到淡水,估计（或理论计算）在10~20年内可形成相对稳定的淡水透镜体;在人工岛面积达到一定规模的前提下,全新世珊瑚砂沉积物渗透性是控制人工岛礁淡水透镜体的主要因素,能够形成的淡水透镜体体积随渗透系数增大而呈对数减小,并且淡水透镜体体积随全新世沉积物渗透性增大而减小的速率较淡水透镜体厚度更加显著;淡水透镜体越过不整合面进入更新世礁灰岩后,由于含水层渗透系数突然增大,淡水透镜体向水平方向扩展,在礁灰岩顶界形成“髭”状淡水体。     

珊瑚岛礁淡水透镜体的数值模拟

论述了珊瑚岛礁地下淡水资源-淡水透镜体的形成、特征和影响因素。用质量守恒,Darey定律和Ghyben-Herzbeg关系导出了淡水透镜体的数学模型,用有限差分法计算了西沙永兴岛淡水透镜体的包络面,与实测值比较误差在3％～15％之间。为科学开发西沙地下淡水资源提供了可靠的数学工具。     

湖南新晃贡溪下寒武统“九门冲组”非正常沉积灰岩的发现和意义探讨

本文阐述了湖南新晃贡溪一带下寒武统＂九门冲组＂产出的灰岩透镜体岩石学及地球化学特征,初步分析研究显示为非正常沉积—壳幔混合热水喷流沉积成因,为区域上该时期相应壳幔混合热水成因矿产的寻找和沉积环境的研究与地层划分提供了新的资料及认识。     

A Spherical Lens For The Ska

Spherical refracting lenses based upon the Luneburg lens offer unique capabilities for radioastronomy, but the large diameter of lens required for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) means that traditional lens materials are either too dense or too lossy. We are investigating a composite dielectric that theoretically offers extremely low loss and low density, and is suitable for low-cost mass production. We describe our progress towards realising this material and demonstrating the manufacturing concept, via the manufacture and testing of a small (0.9 m) spherical lens.     

包气带弱渗透性黏土透镜体对降雨入渗补给影响的数值模拟

大气降雨是华北平原浅层地下水的主要补给来源。长期过量开采地下水造成地下水位持续下降,使原来处于饱水带的透镜体位移到包气带中,形成了厚度大、非均质性更为复杂的包气带。厚层包气带中弱渗透性黏土透镜体对于降雨入渗补给的影响是关系到降水入渗过程及补给量评价的基本问题。用HYDRUS软件建立数值模拟模型,模拟探讨单次降雨条件下,透镜体埋深、宽度比、厚度等要素对入渗路径、入渗补给时间和入渗补给量的影响。结果表明:入渗过程中弱渗透性黏土透镜体两侧会形成较快的绕流;透镜体会减小补给峰值并延长总体补给时间,但不改变补给起始时间;透镜体埋深与极限蒸发深度的相对关系决定了潜在补给量的大小,透镜体埋深或因透镜体形成的上层滞水处于极限蒸发深度以上会减少潜在补给量。     

Review of research on sonar imaging technology in China

Over the past 20 years, sonar imaging technology particularly for the high-technology sector has been a focus of research, in which many developed countries, especially those with coast lines, have been competing with each other. It has seen a rapid development with increasing widespread applications that has played an important and irreplaceable role in underwater exploration with great prospects for social, economic, scientific, and military benefits. The fundamental techniques underlying sonar imaging, including multi-beamforming, synthetic-aperture and inverse synthetic-aperture sonar, acoustic lensing, and acoustical holography, are described in this paper. This is followed by a comprehensive and systematic review on the advantages and disadvantages of these imaging techniques, applicability conditions, development trends, new ideas, new methods, and improvements in old methods over recent years with an emphasis on the situation in China, along with a bold and constructive prediction to some development characteristics of sonar imaging technology in the near future in China. The perspectives presented in this paper are offered with the idea of providing some degree of guidance and promotion of research on sonar imaging technology.