中天山及其北麓的降水变化及其原因分析

利用中天山地带85.0°～90.0°E,42.5°～45.0°N范围内17个气象站1961-2000年的降水、气温观测数据及美国NCEP/NCAR1950-2000年再分析月平均资料进行计算和分析,结果表明:这一区域近年来降水呈现上升趋势,且冬、夏季相对显著,山区降水增幅大于山前平原地带.年代际变化表现为60-70年代降水量减少,80-90年代逐步增加.大气可降水量多年也表现为增加趋势.近50a来该地区上空的水汽输送状况显示,年平均大气水汽输入为9217.8×10⁸m³,输出水汽8625.7×10⁸m³,净收支为592.0×10⁸m³,且水汽收支主要取决于夏半年的水汽输入量,境外全年输入的水汽只有6.4%转化为降水.从50-90年代水汽净收支总体上呈减少趋势,只在90年代有略微增长.结合该地区的河流径流增加、冰川物质平衡一直处于亏损状态,说明中天山北麓近年来降水量增加的主要原因是由于该地区内部的水循环量增加和水循环速率提高.     

东天山喀尔里克山北坡淖毛湖盆地土壤粒度分布特征及成因

对东天山喀尔里克山北坡-淖毛湖盆地不同类型土壤的粒度进行分析.结果表明:研究区土壤主要由粉粒和砂粒组成,从喀尔里克山北坡、中部地区到淖毛湖盆地,土壤粒度平均值逐渐变大,颗粒分选性差,偏度多属极正偏或正偏,峰态集中在宽、中等和窄3个等级,表明其成土母质较粗、来源相对复杂.土壤的粒度参数Mz、σ、SK和KG值很好地表征了不同土地类型和植被类型及盖度对土壤粒度特征的影响.土壤粒度分维值呈现出随海拔降低逐渐减小的趋势,并且分维值与粘粒含量呈正相关关系.喀尔里克山北坡土壤中粘粒的含量高于中部地区和淖毛湖盆地的土壤,反映出不同地区土壤母质来源和沉积环境的差异.不同地带土壤概率累积曲线的空间变化及综合参数特征表现出地形和气候对颗粒运动形式有一定影响,并且不同地区土壤在成因上既有区别又有联系.     

黄土地区公路崩塌危险性简易快速评价方法探讨马保成,范丽晓,田伟平

公路黄土崩塌灾害在陕北黄土地区多发、易发,给当地公路交通建设和运营造成严重危害。结合陕北$302（榆林至佳县）沿线典型路段黄土边坡的现场调研,研究公路崩塌灾害简易快速评价方法,对灾害科学评判及减灾具有重要的工程意义。首先,分析了影响黄土崩塌灾害的因素,并通过专家咨询法和相对比较评分法提取了4个关键因子作为识别指标,即破坏阶段、坡度、崩塌规模和坡高;其次,给各个识别指标赋以相应权重,对公路黄土崩塌危险性进行初步综合评价,并以K66＋100～K66＋650路段为例进行实例检验,为快速识别评价公路黄土崩塌提供了一种方法。     

斜坡非饱和带低渗透岩石结构体风化前锋扩展过程

非饱和带低渗透岩石结构体风化前锋扩展是斜坡灾害孕育过程中的关键环节之一。到目前为止,化学风化领域的研究成果主要集中在高水-岩比的饱和环境下单矿物及矿物成分单一的碳酸盐岩的风化动力学方面,非饱和环境下的岩石风化研究还主要限于风化产物的特性描述方面。斜坡非饱和带低渗透岩石结构体风化前锋扩展是一种高度复杂的THMC过程。由于在溶解对象、溶解液及溶解过程的水动力-水化学环境等方面存在的显著差异,既有的地质材料风化动力学成果为探索这一复杂过程提供了理论储备,但还不能阐明其核心机理。斜坡非饱和带低渗透岩石结构体风化前锋的扩展过程研究不仅可以加深人们对斜坡灾害孕育的理解,为灾害预报-预警及其控制提供理论依据,同时可以促进岩石-岩体力学及浅表生水文地球化学等相关学科的交叉与发展。     

金沙江水电工程区(宜宾—白鹤滩段)岸坡变形破坏特征及其与赋存环境的相关性

金沙江向家坝库区长约410 km的沿江地带,共发育349个变形破坏体(滑坡、崩塌和变形体),总体积31.49亿m~3,其中体积大于1 000万m~3的崩滑体有47个。岸坡变形破坏密度D和模数B分别达0.35个/km和316.95万m~3。对岸坡变形破坏体及其所处的环境特征研究表明,变形破坏体与其所在地层岩性、地质构造、地形条件、岩体结构特征及近期河流地质作用等环境因素共同作用密切有关。系统研究变形破坏体及其与这些环境因素的相互关系,有助于剖析岸坡失稳的成因机制,对岸坡失稳的预测、预防和工程治理具有重要的理论和指导意义。     

喜马拉雅珠峰地区冬季大气气溶胶化学组分及光学特征

为了研究喜马拉雅山北坡冬季大气气溶胶化学组分、光学特征及来源,2017年11—12月在珠穆朗玛峰站(QOMS)共采集22个PM2.5样品.结果显示:PM2.5中包括水溶性离子(WSIs)、有机质(OM)、元素碳(EC)在内的所有检测成分,总质量浓度为(3.36±1.06)μg·m-3;有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和水...     

Layout design of rockbolts for natural ground reinforcement

The present study addresses a layout design of rockbolts for reinforcing natural ground structures applying a special optimization method, called multiphase layout optimization. Rockbolts are used to tighten loosed natural ground, and the layout of rockbolts are determined without sufficient information about the physical properties of the ground materials. Because of this uncertainty, unexpected deformation often occurs at the excavation surface of natural ground. In that case, it is requested to determine an effective layout of the additional rockbolts promptly with respect to the actual deformation at the construction site. However, it is not easy to determine the optimal layout because of its complexity, and consequently, it has no choice but to determine the layout in an empirical way. This study introduces a numerical approach to determine an optimal layout of rockbolts with respect to arbitrarily possible deformation of natural ground. The objective is to maximize the stiffness of the overall ground structure reinforced with rockbolts. For optimization, a gradient‐based optimization scheme is applied because of its numerical efficiency. It was verified from a series of numerical examples that this method has great potential to improve the stiffness of the overall ground structure and shows a certain applicability to a practical design. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Selected aspects of the stability assessment of slopes with the assumption of cylindrical slip surfaces

A comprehensive analysis of maintaining stability by model homogeneous and stratified slopes, with possible surcharge loading, is carried out within the article. Calculations are performed by the Swedish method of Fellenius under the assumption of a cylindrical slip surface passing through the slope foot. Proposals for searching for the reach of the break-off wedge of a potential slip surface are put forward. An analysis of the effect of surcharge load location on general slope stability is also made, providing the capability to determine the safe distance of positioning of an excavator on the surcharge of a non-encased excavation.     

Development of a probabilistic approach for rock wedge failure

For rock slope engineering, uncertainty and variability are inherent in data collected on orientation and strength of discontinuities, yielding a range of results. Unfortunately, conventional deterministic analysis based on the factor of safety concept, requires a fixed representative value for each parameter without regard to the degree of uncertainty involved. Therefore, the deterministic analysis fails to properly represent uncertainty and variability, so common in engineering geology studies. To overcome this shortcoming, the probabilistic analysis method was proposed and used for more than a decade in rock slope stability analysis. However, most probabilistic analyses included a deterministic model as part of the analysis procedure causing subsequent problems, which went uncorrected. The objectives of this paper are to develop a solution for these difficulties in probabilistic analyses and to propose an appropriate simulation procedure for the probabilistic analysis of rock wedge failures. As part of the solution, probability of kinematic instability and probability of kinetic instability are evaluated separately to provide a proper, combined evaluation for failure probability. To evaluate the feasibility of this new probabilistic approach, the procedure is applied to a practical example, a major, highway rock cut in North Carolina, USA. Results of the probabilistic approach are compared to those of the deterministic analysis; findings are significantly different, indicating that the deterministic analysis does not depict rock slope variations, particularly where significant scatter in parameter data occurs.     

Accretion rates on some debris slopes in the Mt. Rae area,Canadian Rocky Mountains

Accretion of debris was monitored on six slopes in the Mt. Rae area of the Canadian Rocky Mountains for the period 1975–1982. Monitoring was accomplished by measuring annually the accumulated debris on fabric mats which were placed on the long profile of the slopes. Annual rates of accretion were extremely variable between points on the same slope, between slopes, and between years. The data do not show a systematic decrease in accretion downslope but indicate that an absence of accretion is more likely on the lower half of the slopes. In general, annual rates are comparable to previously published values from the Rockies and the maximum rates of 30 to 40 mm per year are comparable to those from Karkevagge in Scandinavia. Extremely high rates of accretion were all related to extreme events such as debris flows or full depth snow avalanches. The variation in accretion rates is not explained by single environmental factors such as lithology and slope exposure.