坡面形态对边坡动力变形破坏影响的模型试验研究

采用自主制作的单向振动试验台,对不同坡面形态土质边坡进行了失稳破坏过程的模型试验研究。试验设计了凹面坡、凸面坡和凹凸面组合型3类边坡共8个模型,通过单向振动试验台施加初始位移,触发模型边坡失稳破坏,利用摄像机对模型边坡破坏过程进行跟踪记录,并对变形破坏特征进行分析。试验表明：凹面坡主要由坡面上形成的横向裂隙带动整个坡体发生破坏,而凸面坡则是由于坡顶上形成的横向裂隙带动整个坡体发生变形破坏,凹凸面组合型边坡的破坏则是受坡面凸起部位所控制;进一步研究发现,凹凸程度越强的边坡越容易发生变形破坏,其变形破坏的程度越大。研究成果有助于了解不同形态坡面边坡的破坏特征,为工程边坡设计提供借鉴意义。     

反倾层状岩质边坡悬臂梁极限平衡模型研究

基于悬臂梁理论和运用极限平衡法研究反倾层状岩质边坡变形破坏是一种既注重变形过程又注重力学分析的可行方法。在国内外研究现状基础上,研究悬臂梁极限平衡分析模型。首先通过野外现象的观测,提出能对反倾层状边坡变形几何空间条件进行分区的“基准面”的概念,再利用“基准面”分析岩层分区破坏模式的力学机制,认为破坏面的形成机制是弯曲拉裂和压缩剪切的共同作用结果,对悬臂梁极限平衡分析模型中的各参数确定给出假设或理论分析,建立了计算模型。以重庆市巫溪县中梁水库硝洞槽-郑家大沟库段反倾岸坡为例,在边坡变形破坏模式识别基础上,应用悬臂梁极限平衡模型理论分析实例,验证该模型的合理性,同时也给出反倾层状边坡悬臂梁极限平衡模型计算步骤,用数值模拟方法验证该分析模型的正确性。模型计算结果表明,破坏区大体分为滑移区、倾倒区和倾倒变形影响区,破坏区大小由坡角、岩层倾角、坡高共同决定,当三者关系（见式（13））大于0时,才存在破坏区,才有可能发生变形破坏。研究成果对反倾层状岩质边坡稳定性评价与防治具有理论指导意义和应用价值。     

Stability determination for layered soil slopes using the upper bound limit analysis

By using the upper bound limit analysis, a method has been proposed in this article to compute stability numbers for layered soil slopes. The rupture surface was assumed to be a combination of different logarithmic spiral arcs with a common focus. The analysis ensures the kinematic admissibility of the collapse mechanism with respect to the rigid rotation of the bounded soil mass about the focus of the logarithmic spiral. For the sake of illustration, the computations, however, were exclusively performed only for a two layered soil slope. The effect of the pore water pressure and horizontal earthquake body forces was also incorporated in the computations. The computational procedure was validated by making a comparison of the obtained stability numbers with those reported in literature.     

Spatial distribution of dust deposition within a small drainage basin: Implications for loess deposits in the Negev Desert

Loessial colluvial sediments and aeolian aprons are common deposits in the Negev Desert Highlands. In an attempt to monitor the amounts and distributional pattern of loess, monthly dust measurements were carried out during 2004 to 2006 in 10 cm diameter traps located at 18 stations along four slopes, north‐facing, south‐facing, east‐facing and west‐facing in a second‐order drainage basin near Sede Boqer, Negev Desert Highlands, Israel. Annual total dust depositions ranged between 110 g and 178 g m^?2 with an average of 151·1 g m^?2. The average annual dust deposition in the catchment was 23·5% higher than the average amount recorded at the hilltops (122·4 g m^?2) and may be a consequence of sheltering opportunities in the hilly topography. When analysed according to season and aspect, significantly higher monthly amounts were received during the wet rainy season of December to March (17·0 g m^?2), in comparison with the rest of the year (8·1 g m^?2). As for the aspect, while no significant differences characterized north‐facing and south‐facing slopes, east‐facing slopes received significantly higher amounts (by 43·3%) than west‐facing slopes, pointing to preferential dust deposition at the leeward slope. Concurring with the classical model that anticipates higher dust deposition at the leeside slope, but in disagreement with some reports published in the literature, the findings of this study were also supported by a field survey that showed preferential loess accumulation at the eastern and north‐eastern aspects. These findings may shed light on distributional patterns of colluvial sediments and aeolian aprons in the Negev, on soil‐forming processes and on past cycles of dust deposition.     

基于强度折减法的三维边坡稳定性与破坏机制

基于强度折减技术的三维弹塑性有限元法是当前较为有效的边坡稳定性评价方法,但很少应用于复杂地质环境及负载条件下的三维边坡稳定性与破坏机制分析。拓展这一方法,利用典型算例,探讨了单元尺寸、边界条件、土体强度、局部超载和地震荷载等因素对三维边坡稳定性及潜在滑动面的影响;在此基础上,着重研究含软弱夹层及地下水的复杂三维边坡在负载条件（坡顶局部超载及地震荷载）下的破坏模式及滑动机制。结果表明：随着黏聚力的增加,潜在滑坡体的剪出位置远离坡脚,滑坡后沿远离坡肩,滑坡深度加深;坡顶超载强度较低时,边坡表现为整体破坏模式,而高超载强度下表现为局部地基破坏;考虑地下水后边坡的稳定性显著下降,且潜在滑动面加深,滑坡体体积有所增大。含软弱夹层的三维边坡,其潜在滑动面呈折线型,当受超载作用时,其破坏模式和滑动机制与地震荷载作用下不同:前者为竖向剪切和水平错动的联合作用,而后者为软弱夹层水平错动起主导作用。     

Impacts of sediment load on Manning coefficient in supercritical shallow flow on steep slopes

The Manning equation is one of the most widely used formulae for calculating the velocity of shallow overland flow in hydrological and erosion models. Precise estimation of the Manning's friction coefficient (n) is critical to determining overland flow and soil erosion processes. Few studies have been conducted to quantify the effects of sediment load on Manning's n on steep slopes. This study was conducted to investigate the potential effects of sediment load on Manning's n in a flume with a fixed bed, under wide ranges of hydraulics and sediment loads. Slope gradient varied from 8·7 to 34·2%, unit flow rate from 0·66 to 5·26 × 10^?3 m² s^?1, and sediment load from 0 to 6·95 kg m^?1 s^?1. The Reynolds number ranged from 350 to 5899. Results showed that Manning's n varied in both sediment‐free and sediment‐laden flows ranging from 0·012 to 0·055. The apparent Manning's coefficients of sediment‐laden flow were much greater than those of sediment‐free flow. The mean Manning coefficient of sediment‐laden flow was 51·27% greater than the mean value of sediment‐free flow. For sediment‐laden flow, Manning's n could be estimated with a power function of unit flow discharge and sediment content. Further studies are needed to quantify the potential effects of sediment load on the Manning's n on erodible beds and in fields. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of sediment load on hydraulics of overland flow on steep slopes

Eroded sediment may have significant effects on the hydraulics of overland flow, but few studies have been performed to quantify these effects on steep slopes. This study investigated the potential effects of sediment load on Reynolds number, Froude number, flow depth, mean velocity, Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficient, shear stress, stream power, and unit stream power of overland flow in a sand‐glued hydraulic flume under a wide range of hydraulic conditions and sediment loads. Slope gradients were varied from 8·7 to 34·2%, unit flow rates from 0·66 to 5·26×10^?3 m² s^?1, and sediment loads from 0 to 6·95 kg m^?1 s^?1. Both Reynolds number (Re) and Froude number (Fr) decreased as sediment load increased, implying a decrease in flow turbulence. This inverse relationship should be considered in modeling soil erosion processes. Flow depth increased as sediment load increased with a mean value of 1·227 mm, caused by an increase in volume of sediment‐laden flow (contribution 62·4%) and a decrease in mean flow velocity (contribution 37·6%). The mean flow velocity decreased by up to 0·071 m s^?1 as sediment load increased. The Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficient (f) increased with sediment load, showing that the total energy consumption increased with sediment load. The effects of sediment load on f depended on flow discharge: as flow discharge increased, the influence of sediment load on f decreased due to increased flow depth and reduced relative roughness. Flow shear stress and stream power increased with sediment load, on average, by 80·5% and 60·2%, respectively; however, unit stream power decreased by an average of 11·1% as sediment load increased. Further studies are needed to extend and apply the insights obtained under these controlled conditions to real‐world overland flow conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于AVHRR/NOAA影像的天山北坡近10a植被变化

提出一套基于遥感和GIS技术的干旱区植被变化和生态环境质量初步评价的研究方法,在天山北坡及其典型区域三工河流域应用取得满意结果.研究表明:1)1992—1998年天山北坡植被覆盖度和生物量持续增加,与同期温度和降水变化趋势一致,从植被角度响应了天山北坡气候向暖湿发展的态势.2)1987—1998年三工河流域从前山带到北部沙漠区植被覆盖度和生物量显著增加,尤其是绿洲外围的北部沙漠区和荒漠过渡带;从增加的幅度看,平原区增幅明显大于山区,后期大于前期;植被指数与6～7a温度、降水的均值呈现出明显的正相关,和6～7a蒸发潜力的均值表现出负相关,三工河流域植被变化显著地响应了6～7a时间尺度的气候变化.     

青藏铁路沱沱河段路基边坡植物护坡根系力学强度试验研究

以青藏铁路沱沱河段路基边坡作为试验区,且在试验区路基边坡两侧种植了乡土护坡草本植物垂穗披碱草,通过对种植在试验区路基阴坡、阳坡生长5年的垂穗披碱草,做了野外原位根系拉拔试验,获得了垂穗披碱草根系抗拔力。研究表明:种植在阳坡的垂穗披碱草根系抗拔力为3088N,阴坡抗拔力为2352N,即种植在阳坡的垂穗披碱草根系抗拔力显著大于阴坡,影响其抗拔力大小的主要因素与土壤含水量及其变化有密切关系,试验区阳坡接受光照时间、程度均强于阴坡,试验区阳坡坡面土壤水分蒸发量大于阴坡这种差异形成阴坡、阳坡坡体土壤含水量不同的主要原因;垂穗披碱草根系抗拔力大小与须根数量、根径、根长、株高、根表面积、分蘖数之间均呈线性关系,其中抗拔力与须根数量之间呈显著性线性相关,阳坡垂穗披碱草抗拔力随根系数量增加的幅度显著大于阴坡,即当须根数量为40～60条时,阳坡垂穗披碱草的抗拔力集中分布在11～25N,阴坡抗拔力分布在8～15N;当须根数量为60～140条时,阳坡垂穗披碱草的抗拔力分布在30～70N,阴坡抗拔力为20～50N。根据路基边坡阴坡、阳坡垂穗披碱草根系抗拔力试验结果,评价了阴、阳两种坡向条件下垂穗披碱草根系护坡力学贡献,这对青藏铁路路基边坡种植草本植物实现该边坡与周边自然生态环境之间的协调发展具有理论指导意义。