An Aggregate Constraint Method for Inequality-constrained Least Squares Problems

The inequality-constrained least squares (ICLS) problem can be solved by the simplex algorithm of quadratic programming. The ICLS problem may also be reformulated as a Bayesian problem and solved by using the Bayesian principle. This paper proposes using the aggregate constraint method of non-linear programming to solve the ICLS problem by converting many inequality constraints into one equality constraint, which is a basic augmented Lagrangean algorithm for deriving the solution to equality-constrained non-linear programming problems. Since the new approach finds the active constraints, we can derive the approximate algorithm-dependent statistical properties of the solution. As a result, some conclusions about the superiority of the estimator can be approximately made. Two simulated examples are given to show how to compute the approximate statistical properties and to show that the reasonable inequality constraints can improve the results of geodetic network with an ill-conditioned normal matrix.     

半参数模型稳健估计及其应用

在半参数模型估计中,均假设观测误差服从正态分布。当观测量含有粗差时,粗差对参数和非参数估计的影响是不可忽略。基于此,首先在总结线性参数模型稳健估计基本理论的基础上,论述了M估计权因子的确定方法。然后提出了半参数模型稳健估计方法,并导出半参数模型(广义)补偿最小二乘稳健估计的基本公式。最后通过两个模拟算例验证了其估计方法的有效性。     

Geospatial data mining for digital raster mapping

We performed an in-depth literature survey to identify the most popular data mining approaches that have been applied for raster mapping of ecological parameters through the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remotely sensed data. Popular data mining approaches included decision trees or “data mining” trees which consist of regression and classification trees, random forests, neural networks, and support vector machines. The advantages of each data mining approach as well as approaches to avoid overfitting are subsequently discussed. We also provide suggestions and examples for the mapping of problematic variables or classes, future or historical projections, and avoidance of model bias. Finally, we address the separate issues of parallel processing, error mapping, and incorporation of “no data” values into modeling processes. Given the improved availability of digital spatial products and remote sensing products, data mining approaches combined with parallel processing potentials should greatly improve the quality and extent of ecological datasets.     

基于大视场光学测量设备的多星观测和解算天文经纬度研究

本文提出了一种新的基于大视场光学测量设备和GPS测量点位天文坐标的方法,即测量多个星体方位角相对于主光轴方位角的增量,然后通过非线性最小二乘法解算出点位的天文坐标。采用该方法不仅可以避免讨论大气蒙气差的修正问题,而且能够满足高精度天文坐标的测量要求。     

全站仪三维坐标法在桥梁施工测量中的应用

尽管全站仪三维坐标法已在工程测量领域得到广泛采用,但其测量精度及其影响因素还需要深入分析,使之能合理地应用于具体工程。推导了三维坐标的精度计算公式,分析了测量精度的影响因素,针对特定的测量仪器、测量条件和大气折光误差,计算和分析了测点所能达到的精度,阐明了控制和提高测量精度的措施。将该方法应用于苏通大桥墩塔基础施工测量,根据具体的测量仪器和环境条件等,计算测点的点位中误差和高程中误差分别为±5.9mm和±6.9mm,其精度完全满足施工测量的限差要求,表明测量结果具有较高的精度和可信度。     

GPS高程拟合方法的研究

本文在76个拥有GPS大地高和正常高的已知的公共点作为原始数据的基础上,采用二次曲面拟合法、二次曲面加权法、二次曲面多面函数法、二次曲面最小二乘法来建立研究区的似大地水准面,通过实例发现,二次曲面加权法、二次曲面多面函数法、二次曲面最小二乘配置法与二次曲面拟合法进行比较,外检验点中误差的精度得到提高,并且二次曲面拟合所得到的残差值比较大的点精度有明显的提高,同时改善了模型,证明这种组合方法在GPS水准拟合方面有效、可行。     

环境风险应急管理决策支持系统的设计与实现

针对典型煤化工产业聚集区(太原市晋源区)环境风险应急管理决策支持系统的建立,进行系统功能结构划分和详细设计,并利用ArcGIS Server二次开发,实现在Web环境下地物空间信息的完整表达,地理信息的定位查询,应急救援资源的分类查询和对风险源的实时监控,完成最短路径查询、最邻近设施选择、救援服务区确定等空间分析功能,形成完整的应急响应机制,为应急管理决策提供有力依据。     

自由网平差的经典方法及扩展应用

采用经典的最小二乘参数平差结果为一个特解,进而以坐标系定位参数为参数求出自由网的最小范数解。之后,以若干工程实例列举了除变形监测网以外的扩展应用。     

Interaction between a circular opening and fractures originating from its boundary in a piecewise homogeneous plane

The complex variables boundary element method (CVBEM) is used to study interaction between a circular opening and fractures originating from its boundary in a piecewise homogeneous plane. A new complex hypersingular equation for piecewise homogeneous media with a circular opening is obtained. The equation is solved using the CVBEM technique with circular and straight boundary elements and polynomial approximations (with square root asymptotics for crack tip elements) for the unknown functions. The algorithm is verified through comparison with known semi‐analytical and numerical solutions that involve interaction between a circular opening and specific systems of cracks or other openings. New numerical results concerning the interaction of the circular opening with the cracks and circular inclusions are presented. The method is applied to an important problem in the petroleum industry: modelling propagation of hydraulic fractures in the vicinity of a borehole. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GPS 高程转换的总体最小二乘组合方法

在现有GPS高程转换的研究中,通常只采用单一的解算方法,然而,不同的计算方法由于适用的条件不同,在对同一组数据进行解算时,解算的精度也各有优劣。针对以上问题,文中提出GPS高程转换的总体最小二乘组合方法,对多种不同的高程转换方法进行组合,运用总体最小二乘法计算不同方法的权值,结合实际工程数据,验证该方法的可行性。计算结果表明,提出的方法能够有效地提高高程转换精度。