Modelling of nitrate leaching from arable land into unsaturated soil and chalk 1. Development of a management model for applications of sewage sludge and fertilizer

A mathematical model has been produced to examine the impact of sewage sludge and fertilizer application to arable land and the effect of different crop regimes on the amount of nitrate leached to chalk groundwater. Previous work on nitrate leaching has concentrated on either a soil science or a hydrogeological approach with little overlap between the two. This study considered both fields to obtain an overall picture of the nitrate leaching process. IMPACT is a layered deterministic N-leaching model which predicts the nitrogen loads entering groundwater daily from arable land, and can be used as a management tool in development of sludge application and agricultural policy. The model relates nitrogen species movement resulting from the application of sewage sludge and fertilizer to differing vegetation-soil-hydrogeological conditions. Field data collected at three sites on the unconfined chalk aquifer of East Anglia, England over a two and a half year period was used to produce an initial conceptual model and to constrain the mathematical model during development. IMPACT simulates nitrogen and transport processes in the soil and unsaturated zone of the chalk. The nitrogen processes include: mineralisation of soil organic-N and sewage sludge organic-N, nitrification; crop uptake; volatilization; denitrification; and N inputs from fertilizers and precipitation. A mixing cell method is used to model solute transport in both the soil and chalk. Matrix flow and combined fissure-matrix flow are considered for the chalk. The model enables examination of the relationship between the arable/hydrogeological systems and the environmental implications of sludge application and of different arable regimes. Results are of use in developing strategies for arable farming and sludge application in areas sensitive to nitrate leaching. This Part 1 paper describes the model development approach. Results of associated modelling scenarios are presented separately in the associated Part 2 paper.     

Modelling of nitrate leaching from arable land into unsaturated soil and chalk 2. Model confirmation and application to agricultural and sewage sludge management

A layered deterministic N-leaching model, IMPACT, has been calibrated using data from two study sites on the unconfined Chalk aquilfer of East Anglia, UK. The model predicts nitrogen species movement resulting from the application of sewage sludges and fertilizers to arable land for different vegetation-soil-hydrogeological conditions. One site received sludge in the form of digested sewage cake (DSC) for the first time during the study period, whilst the other site had over 15 years history of liquid undigested sludge (LUS) applications at 3 year intervals. Site data included: 3-monthly concentration profiles at 0.3 m intervals to depths of up to 6 m for N-species and chloride; unsaturated potential measurements; water level and saturated groundwater solute concentrations, fertilizer and sludge input; daily recharge, and soil/chalk type and moisture content. The observed average movement rate for nitrate peaks in the Lower Chalk, measured at one site, was 0.2 m year⁻². Leachate peaks were not observed annually but approximately every third year, being associated with large sludge applications and ploughing of grass crops. Significant correlation between observed and modelled nitrate profiles in soil and chalk were obtained which demonstrated applications. The relationship between crop demand, application times of fertilizers and sludge, nitrate availability and recharge was shown strongly to control the shape of nitrate profiles in the soil and chalk and the quantity of nitrate leached tochalk. The change in hydrogeological conditions at the soil-chalk contact and associated potential for denitrification was also shown to exert a significant control on the shape of the nitrate profile. Following calibration, different arable crop and sludge application regimes were examined for a 6 year period and ranked according to their nitrate leaching risk. Of the modelled cereal farming scenarios, the crop/sludge regime giving the least nitrate leaching was a late autumn surface spread application of DSC followed by winter cereals, while highest nitrate leaching was generated by an autumn injection of LUS followed by spring cereals. Field and modelled results may be used in the development of sludge disposal policies to arable land particularly with regard to sludge types, application times, and following crop types and fertilizer requirements. Overall, observed and model data demonstrate the importance of examining nitrate leaching as a continuum from the soil through the chalk to the water table.     

新疆砂岩型氧化铜矿溶剂萃取工艺研究

溶剂萃取技术是目前常用的处理低浓度铜溶液的方法。根据新疆砂岩型铜矿资源和自然条件等特点，对不同浸出工艺条件、不同浸出溶液进行了溶剂萃取的工艺基础研究，提出了基于低浓度氨堆浸出－萃取－电积工艺，以达到成功开发新疆砂岩型氧化铜矿之目的。     

Neutral Leaching of Low-Grade Pyrolusite with High Silica Content

Leaching studies of low-grade pyrolusite, containing 11.84% Mn with high silicon, were carried out using sodium sulfite as a reductant in ammonium sulfate medium. Various process parameters including temperature, leaching time, solid-liquid ratio, quantity of ammonium sulfate, as well as the amount of reducing agent were studied in detail. The manganese extraction yield was the response of the process. Temperature and reagent concentration exerted the most important positive effect on the manganese extraction. The optimized conditions showed that when the amount of reducing agent was a stoichonmetric amount, over 90% manganese extraction and the lowest impurities were achieved, the amount of heavy metal impurities in the manganese leaching liquid was less than 5 mg/L, and almost no iron and aluminum were extracted in 3 mol/L ammonium sulfate concentration at 100 ℃ in 45 min.     

内蒙古哈达门沟金矿床单矿物金浸出实验研究及其地质意义

哈达门沟金矿床产于华北克拉通北缘西段，形成于伸展构造背景中，成矿流体富钾高碱且氧化性强，矿石建造中铁氧化物含量高，并且可见铁氧化物被硫化物交代的现象。文章拟揭示金在铁氧化物中的含量和赋存状态，并探讨金矿床成因。对哈达门沟金矿3种类型矿石中的黄铁矿、铁氧化物(磁铁矿和赤铁矿)单矿物进行金、铁浸取实验，结果表明：铁氧化物含金较高；黄铁矿中的金和铁的浸出曲线不同步，金浸出率与铁浸出率呈负相关，表明黄铁矿中的金主要以颗粒金形式存在；铁氧化物中金、铁同步浸出，浸出率为正相关，表明铁氧化物中的金主要以品格金和(或)胶体吸附金形式存在。哈达门沟金矿床的上述特征均表明其具铁氧化物型金矿床的特点。     

延吉市地下水系统污染现状及包气带自净规律试验研究

对延吉市地下水系统中的污染组分进行了现状分析，得到了4种污染组分的自净规律，同时分析了主要的影响因素，为延吉市的水资源开发利用提供了依据。     

堆浸生产中高锑样品金的测定

在堆浸提金生产中，应用高锑样品的湿法测金方法，用氯化铵和溴化氢挥发法除去锑对金测定的干扰，用氢醌容量法测定，快速、简单、效果明显。     

地浸过程中铀迁移特征及条件的实验研究

通过室内模拟试验，对地浸过程中铀的迁移规律进行了研究。结果表明：①溶浸液中铀浓度值在达到饱和浓度前，随地浸路径延长而逐渐增大；②铀的存在形式及其含量与水文地球化学条件相关，当1．9＜pH＜4．4时，为UO2SO4和UO^2 2；当4．4＜pH＜5．1时，为UO2SO4和(UO2)a(OH)^5 ；②随着水文地球化学条件的变化，铀迁移经历了溶解迁移、水解沉淀、再溶解迁移的多次旋回，即当pH＞4．6、Eh＜420mV时，溶解状态的铀产生沉淀；当2．0＜pH＜4．6，420mV＜Eh＜650mV时，U^6 溶解迁移；当pH＜2．0、Eh＞650mV时，U^4 溶解迁移；④根据溶浸液中铀浓度和pH、Eh临界值，铀地浸路径可划分出充分浸出带、有效浸出带、铀沉降带和未浸出带，不同特征的浸出带随浸出时间的变化而有序移动。     

乌兹别克斯坦共和国铀矿及地浸工作考察纪行

简要叙述了鸟兹别克斯共和国铀矿地质概况，文章重点阐述了考察培训中感触最深、令人难忘的地质、物探、水文、地浸工艺及钻探技术等方面的新进展和经验总结，而这些又是我们工作中容易忽视或现在还没有认识到其重要性的方方面面，同时对目前国内存在的一些现状提出了自己的看法。     

桂西低品位微细粒型金矿石堆浸技术

桂西低品位微细粒型金矿石堆浸技术原则工艺已日趋完善。通过变一次性底垫为多次使用底垫;改变矿石筑堆方法;提高喷淋强度;变间歇性吸附为全天候吸附等技改措施,达到增强矿堆透水性,提高浸出率,缩短喷淋周期,降低生产成本,提高经济效益的目的。