Towards a climate event stratigraphy for New Zealand over the past 30 000 years (NZ‐INTIMATE project)

It is widely recognised that the acquisition of high‐resolution palaeoclimate records from southern mid‐latitude sites is essential for establishing a coherent picture of inter‐hemispheric climate change and for better understanding of the role of Antarctic climate dynamics in the global climate system. New Zealand is considered to be a sensitive monitor of climate change because it is one of a few sizeable landmasses in the Southern Hemisphere westerly circulation zone, a critical transition zone between subtropical and Antarctic influences. New Zealand has mountainous axial ranges that amplify the climate signals and, consequently, the environmental gradients are highly sensitive to subtle changes in atmospheric and oceanic conditions. Since 1995, INTIMATE has, through a series of international workshops, sought ways to improve procedures for establishing the precise ages of climate events, and to correlate them with high precision, for the last 30 000 calendar years. The NZ‐INTIMATE project commenced in late 2003, and has involved virtually the entire New Zealand palaeoclimate community. Its aim is to develop an event stratigraphy for the New Zealand region over the past 30 000 years, and to reconcile these events against the established climatostratigraphy of the last glacial cycle which has largely been developed from Northern Hemisphere records (e.g. Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), Termination I, Younger Dryas). An initial outcome of NZ‐INTIMATE has been the identification of a series of well‐dated, high‐resolution onshore and offshore proxy records from a variety of latitudes and elevations on a common calendar timescale from 30 000 cal. yr BP to the present day. High‐resolution records for the last glacial coldest period (LGCP) (including the LGM sensu stricto) and last glacial–interglacial transition (LGIT) from Auckland maars, Kaipo and Otamangakau wetlands on eastern and central North Island, marine core MD97‐2121 east of southern North Island, speleothems on northwest South Island, Okarito wetland on southwestern South Island, are presented. Discontinuous (fragmentary) records comprising compilations of glacial sequences, fluvial sequences, loess accumulation, and aeolian quartz accumulation in an andesitic terrain are described. Comparisons with ice‐core records from Antarctica (EPICA Dome C) and Greenland (GISP2) are discussed. A major advantage immediately evident from these records apart from the speleothem record, is that they are linked precisely by one or more tephra layers. Based on these New Zealand terrestrial and marine records, a reasonably coherent, regionally applicable, sequence of climatically linked stratigraphic events over the past 30 000 cal. yr is emerging. Three major climate events are recognised: (1) LGCP beginning at ca. 28 000 cal. yr BP, ending at Termination I, ca. 18 000 cal. yr BP, and including a warmer and more variable phase between ca. 27 000 and 21 000 cal. yr BP, (2) LGIT between ca. 18 000 and 11 600 cal. yr BP, including a Lateglacial warm period from ca. 14 800 to 13 500 cal. yr BP and a Lateglacial climate reversal between ca. 13 500 and 11 600 cal. yr BP, and (3) Holocene interglacial conditions, with two phases of greatest warmth between ca. 11 600 and 10 800 cal. yr BP and from ca. 6 800 to 6 500 cal. yr BP. Some key boundaries coincide with volcanic tephras. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

流体包裹体及石英LA-ICP-MS分析方法的建立及其在矿床学中的应用

流体包裹体LA-ICP-MS(激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱仪)分析具有高精度、低检测限、多元素同时微区原位检测的特点,因此在精细刻画成矿过程、深入揭示成矿机理方面具有传统方法无可比拟的优势。通过人工合成石英Na Cl-H2O-Rb-Cs和Na Cl-KCl-Ca Cl2-H2O-Rb-Cs流体包裹体,使用NIST610为外标、显微测温Na Cl等效盐度(电价平衡方法)为内标,建立了流体包裹体L A-ICP-MS分析方法。分析结果的相对误差在±16%以内,绝大部分在±10%以内,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于7%。同时结合国际上推荐的石英标样,使用NIST610为外标、无内标法,建立了石英微量元素LA-ICP-MS分析方法。分析结果表明,石英中主要元素Li、Al和Ti的相对误差在±10%以内,相对标准偏差小于5%。利用建立的方法对鲁西早白垩世王家庄Cu-Mo矿开展了应用研究,结果显示该矿富气相包裹体更富Cu,而含子矿物包裹体富Mo,暗示Cu和Mo可能具有不同的搬运机制,Cu更倾向于气相,Mo则倾向于进入液相,结合流体沸腾现象的存在,这可能是导致该矿上铜下钼分带沉淀的重要因素。此外,从早期岩浆成因石英到成矿期热液石英以及成矿期后石英,微量元素具有明显的Ti降低而Al升高的趋势,暗示成矿元素Cu、Mo的沉淀可能同时还受到温度和流体酸碱度变化的控制。     

小秦岭石英脉（构造带）含金性评价的包裹体指标研究

选择了小秦岭含金石英脉脉石英的显微镜下特征、红外光谱及近脉（矿）围岩全岩爆裂温测等３种包裹体研究方法，对比研究了东闯金、铅矿区和杨砦峪矿区不同含金性石英脉、含矿脉中的富矿、贫矿地段及矿体不同部位的包裹体特征，提出出了石英脉含金性评价及差别矿体剥蚀程度的包裹体指标。     

安家营子金矿含金和无金石英的标型特征

系统研究了安家营子金矿区含金石英和无金石英的微量元素、流体包裹体、颜色、比重、发光、晶胞参数和红外光谱等标型特征，并依据所得数据对这两类石英进行了判别分析，提出了一系列的找矿标志。     

江西东坪石英脉型黑钨矿矿床地质特征、控矿因素及找矿标志

东坪钨矿床是近年在赣北地区新发现的首个超大型石英脉型黑钨矿矿床,位于长江中下游成矿带幕阜山地区东坪-香炉山钨矿找矿远景区东部。矿床赋矿层位为新元古代双桥山群安乐林组浅变质岩系,北东向断裂及其两侧的次级裂隙为区内主要控矿构造、容矿构造,隐伏的燕山晚期黑云母二长花岗岩为成矿岩体,与区内钨多金属成矿关系密切的为石英脉状硅化;两个矿带的钨矿体均产于成矿岩体外接触带,呈现了石英脉型黑钨矿矿床典型的"五层楼"分带特征,矿石工业类型主要为黑钨矿矿石;明确了构造和岩浆岩等主要控矿因素;总结出地表微细裂隙云英岩化-黄铁矿化蚀变带、含硫化物石英细脉带、石英脉、重砂及地球化学异常为区内主要找矿标志。     

广西贺州福安银多金属矿两类石英脉地质地球化学特征对比研究

通过对福安矿区进行1︰2000地质调查及构造地球化学找矿工作,确定了矿区出露Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型两种成因类型石英脉,并总结了两类石英脉的矿物组成、产状、形态、规模及产出位置。微量元素参数统计显示,Ⅰ型石英脉相对富集Cu、Pb、Zn、W、Mn、Mo、Sn、Ag、Co、As、Sb、Bi、Au元素;Ⅱ型石英脉相对富集铁族元素Cr、Ni、V、Ti。聚类分析及对应分析表明,Ⅰ型石英脉与成矿关系密切,且成矿具多阶段性;Ⅱ型石英脉有后期成矿事件一定程度的叠加。稀土元素分析显示,Ⅰ型石英脉稀土元素总含量较低,分异较弱,说明其形成于深源,为岩浆热液成因;Ⅱ型石英脉稀土元素具LREE的特征反映了其浅源的成因,为构造动力压泌作用形成,来自于围岩。     

厄立特里亚Augaro金矿床碳氢氧硫同位素特征及其成因意义

厄立特里亚Augaro金矿床产于努比亚地盾新元古代变质火山岩中,矿体主要赋存于片理化安山岩内,受北北东向断裂与近东西向次级断裂控制。对矿床主要含金石英脉型矿石与蚀变岩型矿石进行碳氢氧硫同位素研究显示,成矿流体的δD_w-H2O范围为-68.7‰～-49.4‰,δ¹⁸O_w-H2O范围为-1.9‰～4.9‰,δ¹³C_V-PBD范围为-15.9‰～-10.9‰,石英脉型金矿石硫同位素组成以较小的正值为特征,变化范围为0.18‰～0.63‰,而蚀变岩型金矿石硫同位素组成偏低,以较大负值为特征,变化范围为-7.07‰～-6.86‰,表明Augaro金矿床成矿流体主要来源于变质热液,伴有岩浆水与大气降水的混合,矿区地层与岩浆物质为金矿床的形成提供大量成矿物质。     

The Role of Seal and Source Rocks in Fluid-rock Interactions and their Reservoir Effects within the Carbonate Deep Burial Realm

Discoveries of deep high-quality carbonate reservoirs challenged the general understanding on the evolution of porosity decreasing with depth. New mechanisms of pore generation and preservation in the deep realm require to be proposed. Dolostones in the Feixianguan and Dengying Formations experienced maximum depths in excess of 8000 m, but still retained high porosity. Petrographic observation and homogenization temperatures help to identify products of deep fluid-rock interactions, visual and experimental porosity were used to quantify reservoir effects, the distribution of products finally being plotted to unravel the mechanisms. Th data reveal that thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), burial dissolution and quartz cementation are typical deep fluid-rock interactions. The SO42? of residual porewater sourced from the evaporative dolomitizing fluid was supplied for TSR in the hydrocarbon column, the TSR-inducing calcite cements were homogeneously dispersed in the hydrocarbon column. Quartz cementation was caused by the increasing acidity and Si-rich residual porewater in the oil column. Burial dissolution is forced by organic acid and limited in oil–water contact. This study suggests that seal and source rocks not only play important roles in hydrocarbon accumulation, but also have a general control on the deep fluid-rock interactions and porosity evolution in the deep burial realm.     

Weathering: Toward a Fractal Quantifying

Weathering occurs over a wide range of scales. To link features through these scales is a major challenge for interdisciplinary weathering studies. Fractal approach seems to be specially useful for this purpose. We introduce a multistep fractal weathering assessment scheme devoted to extract fractal weathering classifiers from texture analysis of the mineral's image. Our scheme enables to quantitatively estimate the global and local information about the geometry of the weathering pattern. This information is basic to develop geometrical indices of weathering, which can significantly enrich the common qualitative and semiquantitative weathering assessment schemes. To justify the fractal approach, a strong statistical self-similarity has been documented for both the weathering and fresh features of two common silica minerals: quartz and biogenic A-opal (phytolith) over four orders of length scales. The procedure is fast, drastically reduces thresholding bias, promises to be universal, it is valid for genetically different minerals and rock types, scale independent, and specially useful for monitoring the changes in the mineral's roughness during the alteration. Two of the proposed classifiers seem to be potentially useful for direct application in the field and be used by nonspecialist.     

内蒙古扎鲁特地区毛伊勒吐岩体形成时代及构造环境

通过对宏观地质特征、岩石矿物学特征、岩石化学和地球化学特征、同位素年代学研究,对毛伊勒吐岩体形成时代和构造环境进行了探讨.依据岩石化学分析结果和岩石学特征,认为该岩体为钙碱性岩石.对其中的石英闪长岩进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学测定,206Pb/238U表面年龄统计权重平均值为147.97±0.95 Ma,表明毛伊勒吐岩体侵位时代属于晚侏罗世.结合区域地质演化特征分析,该石英闪长岩是在板块碰撞后地壳抬升时期形成的.