矿山固体废弃物对地质环境的影响分析

在山西省重点地区固体废弃物现状调查研究的基础上,通过试样试验,分析研究了固体废弃物对土壤、大气、水环境的污染,探讨了对固体废弃物的治理及利用,为研究矿山生态环境地质研究提供参考,同时积累工作经验。     

甘肃武威盆地页岩气“武页1井”成膜低固相冲洗液的应用

“武页1井”是甘肃省地质调查院实施的一口页岩气基础地质条件调查井,主要目的是为了查明页岩层段的分布。地层岩性主要为泥岩、砂岩、页岩、碳质板岩、灰岩。浅层倾角大、胶结性差、破碎、井壁强度低。现场采用成膜低固相冲洗液体系,解决了地层破碎、坍塌掉块和水敏性钻探施工难题,体系具有护壁性、抑制性和胶结性。使用中取得了较好的效果,保证了该项目的顺利施工。     

Temperature and pH Dependence of Some Metals Leaching from Fly Ash of Municipal Solid Waste

Abstract. Municipal solid waste combustion leads to concentration of various metals in the solid residue (fly ash) remaining after combustion. These metals pose serious environmental hazard and require proper handling and monitoring in order to control their harmful effects. Leachability of some metals from fly ash was examined in fly ash and Milli-Q water mixture (liquid-to-solid ratio, 100) under various temperature and pH conditions in the laboratory. The leaching experiments conducted for 24 hours showed that pH was generally more important than temperature in controlling the amount of metals leached out of the fly ash. However, at a given pH, rise in temperature led to different degree of (usually one to two fold) enhanced or reduced leaching of metals. Owing to amphoteric nature of oxides of Al, Cr, Pb and Zn, these metals often yielded typical pattern of increase and decrease in their concentrations with change in pH. The extent of leaching of Cr and Pb in our experiments suggests that decrease of pH to acidic range in the case of Pb and to neutral to acidic range for Cr over a long period of storage of fly ash at solid waste dumping site may facilitate leaching of these metals from fly ash, leading to contamination of groundwater to the level that exceeds beyond the level permitted by the environmental laws.     

自动电位滴定仪应用于测定海洋沉积物中有机碳的可行性研究

自动电位滴定仪具有操作简便、测定速度快的优势,减少了人为操作的影响,本文使用自动电位滴定仪测定海洋沉积物中有机碳的含量,并与国家标准(GB 17378.5—2007)中根据滴定过程中溶液颜色变化用肉眼判定滴定终点的方法进行了对比分析,确定通过仪器自动判断滴定终点实现准确测定的可行性。结果表明:自动电位滴定的方法检出限为0.029%,人工肉眼判定终点的方法检出限为0.086%,在滴定终点判定方面两种方法无显著性差异,但自动电位滴定仪的准确度和精密度更优,在一定程度上可代替肉眼判定滴定终点。实际应用过程中也发现,当滴定的溶液体系由于氧化还原反应、络合作用等影响因素使电位变化较为复杂时,自动电位滴定仪有可能会得到多个等当点而无法判断哪个等当点是真正的目标等当点,此时需要利用肉眼进行辅助确定。     

X射线衍射法在天然气水合物研究中的应用

天然气水合物是一种由气体分子(包括烃类和CO2、H2S等非烃类气体)和水分子在高压低温环境中形成的笼型水合物,主要有Ⅰ型(立方晶体结构)、Ⅱ型(菱形晶体结构)和H型(六方晶体结构)三种晶体结构。研究水合物的结构特征及变化规律,对于认识水合物形成机理、微观动力学、相态转化及水合物样品鉴定等具有重要意义。X射线衍射(XRD)是一种利用X射线照射晶体(或某些非晶态物质)时产生的衍射来研究晶体内部结构(即内部原子排布)的分析技术。该技术应用于天然气水合物研究,不仅能准确获取水合物的结构类型及晶格参数等重要信息,还能观测水合物生成分解的微观动力学过程。本文阐述了XRD技术应用于水合物结构特征研究、水合物生成/分解动力学过程原位观测以及野外水合物样品鉴定等方面的研究进展。已知结构Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型水合物立方晶体的边长分别约为12.0×10-10m和17.3×10-10m,而结构H型水合物六方晶体a轴和c轴的边长分别约为12.2×10-10m和10.0×10-10m,因此,通过XRD技术准确测量水合物晶体的晶格参数,即可判定水合物晶体的结构类型,该技术在国外已应用于海洋和冻土区钻获的天然气水合物样品鉴定并获得结构信息。此外,通过测定不同条件下生成的水合物晶体参数的变化,可研究水合物的结构转换及其影响规律,研究表明混合气体的组成、客体分子体积及直径大小、温度等都对水合物晶体参数及结构产生影响。通过在高压环境下的XRD原位技术,可测定水合物的生成与分解过程中衍射峰的变化,研究水合物生成/分解动力学过程,研究表明水合物生成/分解主要分两个阶段,即在气液(固)表面的快速生成/分解过程及气体分子在液(固)体内部的扩散过程,后一个阶段控制着反应速度。目前,国外在水合物研究中应用XRD技术已相对成熟,而我国才刚刚起步。本文认为,将XRD技术应用到天然气水合物的研究中,可解决水合物的结构类型鉴别及晶格参数测量等基本的科学问题,而且XRD技术与核磁共振、红外光谱、X-CT等分析技术的联用,尚有很大的发展空间,将为天然气水合物相关的理论研究提供强有力的技术支撑。     

格子Boltzmann方法地震波场模拟

格子Ｂｏｌｔｚｍａｎｎ方法是细胞自动机在某些学科中的具体化和应用。它根据微观运动过程的某些基本特征建立简化的、时间和空间完全离散的动力学模型，这种模型的平行行为符合宏观的微分方程。     

Effects of human activities on mercury in the environment in Xi＇an area, China

Effects of mercury on ecosystems and human health are well documented. Human activities have significant impacts on transport, transformation, and fate of mercury in the natural environment. In this study, a gold mining area （Tongchuan）, an urban area （Xi＇an）, and a historical site （Qinshihuan Tomb） in Shaanxi Province, China, was chosen to study the effects of human activities on the transport, transformation, and fate of mercury in the area. Samples of atmospheric precipitate, soil, sediment, pomegranate, corn and those from wells and the rivers that flow through or flow by the city and from the mining area were collected. The EPA methods were used for sample preparation and analysis of these samples. These methods combine acid digestion, chemical reduction, purge and trap with Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry （CVAFS）. Preliminary results showed high total mercury concentrations in the water samples collected from a river in Tongguan County. The total mercury concentrations ranged from 133 to 188 ng/L in the water samples collected from the rivers flowing through Xi＇an City. The amount of total mercury in the soil/sediment samples which were collected in the vicinity of Xi＇an ranged from 31.8 to 83.2 ng/g. The total mercury concentrations in the samples of atmospheric precipitate （including rain and snow collected from Sep. 2005 to Jan. 2006） ranged from 106-298 ng/L.     

皖南东至金矿化域中载金硫化物的非平衡性研究

绝大多数的金矿化作用都是在非平衡的开放体系中完成的,再加上硫化物在结晶过程中生长速度过快,因此难免产生一些异常特征:晶格金在硫化物中大量出现、含金硫化物单晶中主元素含量变化很大以及主族元素Si加入硫化物晶格等。这些异常特征在皖南东至金矿化区得到了良好的体现,其成因是不能用经典的平衡态热力学和晶体化学理论来解释的。     

Genesis of the Mamut Porphyry Copper Deposit, Sabah, East Malaysia

Abstract: The Mamut deposit of Sabah, East Malaysia, is a porphyry type Cu‐Au deposit genetically related to a quartz monzonite (“adamellite”) porphyry stock associated with upper Miocene Mount Kinabalu plutonism. The genesis of the Mamut deposit is discussed based on petrology of the intrusives in the Mount Kinabalu area combined with ore– and alteration–petrography, fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope studies. Groundmass of the adamellite porphyry at Mamut is rich in K which suggests vapor transport of alkaline elements during the mineralizing magmatic process, while the groundmass of the post‐ore “granodiorite” porphyry at Mamut contains small amounts of normative corundum suggesting depletion in alkaline elements at the root zone of the magma column. Sub‐dendritic tremolitic amphibole rims on hornblende phenocrysts in the Mamut adamellite porphyry suggest interaction between the mineralizing magma and the exsolved fluids. Occurrences of clinopyroxene microphenocrysts and pseudomor‐phic aggregates of shredded biotite and clinopyroxene after hornblende phenocrysts in the barren intrusives imply lower water fugacity and decreasing in water fugacity, respectively. Compositional gap between the core of hornblende phenocrysts and the tremolitic amphibole rims and those in the groundmass of the Mamut adamellite porphyry suggests a decrease in pressure. Higher X_Mg (=Mg/(Mg+Fe) atomic ratio) in the tremolitic amphibole rims in the Mamut adamellite porphyry compared to those of the barren intrusions suggests high oxygen fugacity. High halogen contents of igneous hydrous minerals such as amphiboles, biotite and apatite in the Mamut adamellite porphyry suggest the existence of highly saline fluids during the intrusion and solidification of the mineralizing magma. Fluid inclusions found in quartz veinlet stockworks are characterized by abundant hypersaline polyphase inclusions associated with subordinate amounts of immiscible gaseous vapor. Both Cu and Au are dispersed in disseminated and quartz stockwork ores. Chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite as well as magnetite are the principal ore minerals in the biotitized disseminated ores. Primary assemblage of intermediate solid solution (iss) and pyrrhotite converted to the present assemblage of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite during cooling. Subsequent to biotitization, quartz veinlet stockworks formed associated with retrograde chlorite alteration. The Cu‐Fe sul–fides associated with stockwork quartz veinlet are chalcopyrite and pyrite. Overlapping Pb and Zn and subsequent Sb mineralizations were spatially controlled by NNE‐trending fractures accompanying the phyllic and advanced argillic alteration envelope. Sulfur isotopic composition of ore sulfides are homogeneous (about +2%) throughout the mineralization stages. These are identical to those of the magmatic sulfides of Mount Kinabalu adamellitic rocks.     

国际地面沉降研究综述

文章在介绍国际地面沉降会议历史及２０００年第六届国际地面沉隆会议简况的基础上,并根据２０００年第六届国际地面沉降会议论文,对国际地面沉降研究进展情况分成如下六个方面进行了综述。地面沉降地质因素介绍了古代地面沉降、泥炭层沉降、地震砂土液化地面沉降和海平面上升研究状况。地下流体运移地面沉降方面介绍了以地下水开采为主的地面沉降问题及地面塌陷、天然气开采引起的地面沉降、均匀沉降对建筑结构的破坏和欠固结石英