Primary cracking of kerogens. Experimenting and modelling C1, C2–C5, C6–C15 and C15+ classes of hydrocarbons formed

Mathematical models of hydrocarbon formation can be used to simulate the natural evolution of different types of organic matter and to make an overall calculation of the amounts of oil and/or gas produced during this evolution. However, such models do not provide any information on the composition of the hydrocarbons formed or on how they evolve during catagenesis.From the kinetic standpoint, the composition of the hydrocarbons formed can be considered to result from the effect of “primary cracking” reactions having a direct effect on kerogen during its evolution as well as from the effect of “secondary cracking” acting on the hydrocarbons formed.This report gives experimental results concerning the “primary cracking” of Types II and III kerogens and their modelling. For this, the hydrocarbons produced have been grouped into four classes (C₁, C₂–C₅, C₆–C₁₅ and C₁₅₊). Experimental data corresponding to these different classes were obtained by the pyrolysis of kerogens with temperature programming of 4°C/min with continuous analysis, during heating, of the amount of hydrocarbons corresponding to each of these classes.The kinetic parameters of the model were optimized on the basis of the results obtained. This model represents the first step in the creation of a more sophisticated mathematical model to be capable of simulating the formation of different hydrocarbon classes during the thermal history of sediments. The second step being the adjustment of the kinetic parameters of “secondary cracking”.     

贵州桐梓新桥浑水河的成因再探讨

通过对新桥浑水河上游明流段、中部伏流段、下游浑水河段实地调查,并结合该区1:20万区域地质资料、区域水文地质资料及煤矿勘查资料,在分析浑水河区域构造背景及水文地质特征的基础上,研究了浑水河的水动力条件,包括纵向水动力条件和横向水动力条件,认为浑水河是特殊构造通道、水土流失带来的粘土颗粒物源、携带粘土颗粒的水体进入地下伏流,粘土颗粒在河床中沉积后又被流水带出的一个过程,即"流失→带进→沉积→带出"过程。浑水河的成因:1浑水河的特殊构造,具备了通道条件;2上游水土流失带来的大量细小粘土颗粒提供了物源;3洞湾水体"盲谷"是浑水的物源载体;4地下伏流的水动力条件,包括纵向水动力条件和横向水动力条件,四者共同作用的结果。     

高分辨率中子俘获伽马能谱测井

叙述了NCGS测井的原理及元素含量计算方法;解决了现场测井中计算元素含量时必须得到的参数,如等效相对探测效率曲线的刻度、探管和井液中干扰(Fe、Ti、H)份额的扣除。用自己研制的仪器经山东几个煤田钻孔实测资料验证.计算的元素含量与岩芯化学分析对照结果,其精度不低于美国PGT公司和Schlumberger公司制造的仪器。此外,还介绍了连续测量获得的谱,经处理绘制成连续曲线,首次推出S_(511)、S_B、S_H/S_B等曲线,提供多种有用地质信息。     

Fracture Characteristics and Heat Accumulation of Jixianian Carbonate Reservoirs in the Rongcheng Geothermal Field, Xiong’an New Area

Geothermal energy plays an important role in urban construction of the Xiong’an New Area. Geothermal reservoir fracture distribution of the Mesoproterozoic Jixianian Wumishan Formation (Fm.) carbonate reservoir in the Rongcheng geothermal field are evaluated based on FMI log from Wells D19 and D21. The results show carbonate reservoir fracture density of Well D19 is 15.2/100 m, greater than that of Well D21 with a value of 9.2/100 m. Reservoir porosity and permeability of Well D19 are better than that of Well D21, and the water saturation is bimodally distributed. The movable fluid volume ratio (BVM) of Well D19 is 2% to 8% with some zones exceeding 20%, while the value of Well D21 is less than 4%. Therefore, reservoir fractures in Well D19 are more conducive to fluid flow. Reservoir fractures have a similar occurrence to normal faults, indicating that the tensile stress field controlled the formation of such fractures. Developed reservoir fractures provide a good channel for groundwater convection. The circulation of regional groundwater and the heat exchange between water and rock and the multiple heat accumulation patterns form a stable and high potential heat reservoir in the Rongcheng geothermal field.     

基于贝叶斯网络的Web访问模式挖掘模型系统

根据用户的访问记录,以及每次检索输入的关键词、用户的动作来动态更新用户的兴趣点.提出了一个能较好吻合这一思想的数据挖掘模型,以用户的停留时间、访问频率和用户输入的检索关键词为数据对象,进行用户兴趣分析,动态跟踪用户需求意向,简化检索过程,提高WEB资源的使用效率.     

人影高炮作业数据采集器的移动电源设计

高炮作业是人工影响天气的日常工作,其作业数据的采集与收集尤为重要。高炮作业数据采集器是实现作业数据的采集与存储,一般采用锂电池供电。针对锂电池容量低而无法满足采集器的长时间使用,常在高炮作业的关键时刻电量不足影响高炮作业顺利进行的问题,设计了一种人影高炮作业数据采集器的专用移动电源。该专用移动电源由充放电保护电路、电芯、电芯容量指示电路、DC-DC升压电路、及CN3703充电管理电路等部分组成。经过最终测试,该设计符合实际使用要求、成本低、性能稳定,具有较强的工程应用价值。     

Logs and snags in a shola forest of Kerala, India

Introduction Dead wood is an important structural and functional component of a forest ecosystem(Fridman and Welheim 2000). Recent studies also indicate that dead wood is important for maintaining both plant and animal diversity in different forest ecosystems (Grove 2001) as it serve as an energy source (Bray and Gorham 1964) and habitat for an array of organisms. Dead wood can also help reduce erosion, increase soil organic matters (McFee and Stone 1966), and suitable conditions for seedli…     

脆性岩石侧向变形特征及损伤机理研究

进行了三峡花岗岩常规三轴压缩、保持轴向应变和保持轴向应力的卸围压试验,研究了脆性岩石在不同应力路径和不同加载控制方式下的侧向变形特征,可见临界侧向应变均稳定在（?0.004 ? 0.000 5）范围内。进一步进行三峡花岗岩的全过程应力-应变曲线和损伤力学分析,发现脆性岩石在不同应力路径和不同加载控制方式下均以侧向损伤为主,且侧向损伤曲线的形态近似,达到临界破坏状态时损伤值稳定在0.7?0.8左右。最后以侧向损伤变量表征花岗岩脆性破坏过程,建立了基于应变空间的、可以考虑卸荷应力路径的损伤模型和应变型破坏准则。     

单轴压缩岩样轴向回跳及侧向回跳理论研究

研究了单轴压缩条件下轴向回跳及侧向回跳之间的关系。在应变软化阶段,试样的弹性轴向应变及弹性侧向轴向应变由虎克定律确定;试样的轴向塑性应变及侧向塑性轴向应变由梯度塑性理论确定,它们与应力水平、剪切带倾角及宽度、软化模量及试样的尺寸有关。根据轴向应力-应变曲线及侧向应力-应变曲线软化段斜率的正负,得到了轴向回跳及侧向回跳的条件。轴向回跳的原因是轴向弹性应变的恢复快于轴向塑性应变的增加。侧向回跳的原因是侧向弹性应变的恢复快于侧向塑性应变的增加。当剪切带倾角的正切小于泊松比与试样宽高比之积时,若侧向变形发生回跳,则轴向变形就发生回跳;反之,若轴向变形发生回跳,则侧向变形就发生回跳。对于常规岩样,若侧向发生回跳,则轴向必定是回跳的。在应变软化阶段,根据轴向应变及侧向应变是否发生回跳,轴向应变与侧向应变曲线被划分为4种类型：即轴向回跳及侧向回跳情形、轴向回跳及侧向回跳情形、轴向不回跳及侧向回跳情形及轴向回跳及侧向不回跳情形,并得到了各种类型的条件。     

基于多GPU的Harris角点检测并行算法

提出了一种基于多图形处理器(graphic processing unit,GPU)设计思想的Harris角点检测并行算法,使用众多线程将计算中耗时的影像高斯卷积平滑滤波部分改造成单指令多线程(single instruction multi-ple thread,SIMT)模式,并采用GPU中共享存储器、常数存储器和锁页内存机制在统一计算设备架构(com-pute unified device archetecture,CUDA)上完成影像角点检测的全过程。实验结果表明,基于多GPU的Har-ris角点检测并行算法比CPU上的串行算法可获得最高达60倍的加速比,其执行效率明显提高,对于大规模数据处理呈现出良好的实时处理能力。