The role of diagenesis and depositional facies on pore system evolution in a Triassic outcrop analogue (SE Spain)

This study aims at unravelling the diagenetic history and its effect on the pore system evolution of the Triassic redbeds exposed in SE Spain (TIBEM¹), an outcrop analogue of the TAGI (Trias Argilo-Gréseux Inférieur) reservoir (Berkine-Ghadames Basin, Algeria). Similar climatic, base level and tectonic conditions of aforementioned alluvial formations developed analogue fluvial facies stacking patterns. Furthermore, interplay of similar detrital composition and depositional facies in both formations resulted in analogue early diagenetic features. Petrographic observations indicate lithic subarkosic (floodplain facies) and subarkosic (braidplain facies) compositions which are considered suitable frameworks for potential reservoir rocks. Primary porosity is mainly reduced during early diagenesis through moderate mechanical compaction and formation of K-feldspar overgrowth, gypsum, dolomite and phyllosilicate cements. Early mesodiagenesis is testified by low chemical compaction and quartz cementation. Telodiagenetic calcite filling fractures and K-feldspar dissolution determined the final configuration of analysed sandstones. Mercury injection-capillary pressure technique reveals overbank deposits in the floodplain as the least suitable potential reservoirs because of their lowest open porosity (OP < 16%), permeability (k < 5 mD) and small dimensions. On the other hand, braidplain deposits show the highest values of such properties (OP up to 31.6% and k > 95 mD) and greater thickness and lateral continuity, so being considered the best potential reservoir. The accurate estimation of TIBEM microscale attributes can provide important input for appraisal and enhanced oil recovery performance in TAGI and in others reservoirs consisting on similar fluvial sandy facies.     

西藏措勤打加错地区上三叠统江让组的发现及其地质意义

在西藏措勤打加错地区新发现上三叠统江让组,其为一套海相碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩沉积建造,岩性主要为不等厚层状石英质砾岩、深灰色薄层状—块状生物碎屑微晶灰岩、含砂粉砂质微晶灰岩、含石英砾质生物碎屑灰岩、砂屑灰岩夹钙质细砂岩,产珊瑚Distichophyllia sp.,Volzeia sp.,Montlivaltia sp.,M.cf.xainzaensis、海绵:Hartmanina sp.和双壳类Xenocardita?sp.,时代为晚三叠世卡尼期-诺利期,与下二叠统昂杰组呈角度不整合接触。江让组在该地区的发现,完善了冈底斯西部三叠纪的地层系统,为研究印支运动对冈底斯西部的影响和古特提斯洋的演化提供了依据。     

Geochronology,geochemistry and Hf isotope of Late Triassic magmatic rocks of Qingchengzi district in Liaodong peninsula,Northeast China

The initiation timing and mechanism of lithospheric thinning of the North China Craton (NCC) was still controversial. Late Triassic igneous rocks especially mantle derived mafic rocks would provide constrains on Early Mesozoic lithospheric mantle geodynamics and initiation of lithospheric thinning. This paper reports Late Triassic magmatic rocks, including lamprophyre, diorite dykes and biotite monzogranite cropped out in Qingchengzi district of Liaodong peninsula, northeastern NCC. LA–ICPMS zircon U–Pb dating yield ages of 210–227 Ma and 224 Ma for lamprophyres and biotite monzogranite respectively. Lamprophyre is ultrapotassic, strongly enriched in REE and LILEs, depleted in HFSEs, and negative Hf isotopes, which are discriminating signatures of crustal source, but distinguishingly high compatible element contents indicate the primary magma originated from mantle source—a fertile one. Lamprophyre derived from partial melting of an enriched lithospheric mantle, which was modified by slab-derived hydrous fluids/melts associated with deep subduction between the Yangtze Craton and the NCC. The diorite displays distinct features with relatively enriched Nb, Ta, HREE and depleted Th, U, which suggest it derived from a relatively depleted source. The depletion was caused by break-off of the Yangtze slab during deep subduction introducing asthenospheric mantle into the source. The biotite monzogranite shows adakitic affinity, and originated from partial melting of the thickened lower crust with addition of small proportion of mantle material. The recognition of Late Triassic magmatism implies extensional tectonic settings in Liaodong peninsula and suggests initiation of lithospheric thinning of North China Craton in eastern segment might begin early in Late Triassic.     

Restudy of conodont biostratigraphy of the Permian–Triassic boundary section in Zhongzhai,southwestern Guizhou Province,South China

New conodont samples have been systematically collected at high stratigraphic resolution from the upper part of the Longtan Formation through to the lower part of the Yelang Formation at the Zhongzhai section, southwestern Guizhou Province, South China, in an effort to verify the first local occurrence of Hindeodus parvus in relation to the Permian–Triassic boundary at this section. The resampled conodont fauna from the Permian–Triassic boundary interval comprises five identified species and two undetermined species in Hindeodus and Clarkina. Most importantly, the first local occurrence of Hindeodus parvus is found for the first time from the bottom of Bed 28a, 18 cm lower than the previously reported first local occurrence of this species at this section. Considering the previously accepted PTB at the Zhongzhai section, well calibrated by conodont biostratigraphy, geochronology and carbon isotope chemostratigraphy, this lower (earlier) occurrence of H. parvus suggests that this critical species could occur below the Permian–Triassic boundary. As such, this paper provides evidence that (1) the first local occurrences of H. parvus are diachronous in different sections with respect to the PTB defined by the First Appearance Datum (FAD) of this species at its GSSP section in Meishan, China and that (2) the lower stratigraphic range of H. parvus should now be extended to latest Permian.     

广西南部凭祥中三叠世沉积盆地构造环境——来自岩相学和碎屑岩地球化学的证据

岩相学特征表明,广西凭祥盆地砾岩可分为颗粒支撑和基质支撑2种,砾石成分主要为生物碎屑灰岩,其次为砂岩和泥岩。盆地砂岩主要由成分成熟度和结构成熟度较低的亚岩屑(杂)砂岩和岩屑(杂)砂岩组成,物源区为碰撞造山带或再旋回造山带。碎屑岩地球化学特征表明,凭祥中三叠世盆地中的砂岩和泥岩样品SiO2含量为61.71%~74.85%,接近于上地壳的平均值。具有高的K2O/Na2O值(6.50~0.51)和高的TFe2O3+MgO含量(7.29%~10.31%),TFe2O3/K2O值为2.05%~5.54%,矿物稳定性较差。稀土元素标准化配分曲线呈现出轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素平坦和明显的Eu、Ce负异常特征,类似于上地壳和典型的太古宙页岩,具有海相沉积的特征。砂岩风化蚀变指数CIA高(71~88),Th/U值为3.68~9.53,表明砂岩和泥岩经历了较强的风化作用。砂岩物源区判别图表明,凭祥盆地物源与酸性岛弧具明显的亲缘性,增生楔和活动陆缘是主要的物源区。这些特征综合表明,凭祥盆地是一个伴随古特提斯分支洋盆闭合、经强烈构造改造的残余弧前盆地。     

内蒙古八大关斑岩型铜钼矿床成岩成矿年代学研究

八大关斑岩铜钼矿床是中国内蒙大兴安岭地区典型的斑岩型铜钼矿床之一。对矿区Ⅱ号岩体不同位置的2件岩石样品采用高精度的LA_ICP_MS锆石U_Pb测年,获得的锆石U_Pb年龄分别为(230.6±2.8)Ma和(230.5±4.4)Ma,两者在误差范围内非常一致,由此确认花岗闪长斑岩体的形成年龄约为230 Ma;对矿区7件辉钼矿样品采用Re_Os同位素测年,获得的Re_Os等时线年龄为(228.7±3.1)Ma,指示了八大关铜钼矿床辉钼矿的沉淀时间约为228.7 Ma。结合矿区岩相学、矿物学特征,辉钼矿呈浸染状分布于花岗闪长斑岩体内,且辉钼矿与黄铜矿密切共生,以及上述2种精确方法获得的年龄在误差范围内的一致性,说明花岗闪长斑岩即为成矿岩体,成岩与成矿大致同时或成矿略晚于成岩,表明八大关铜钼矿床形成于中三叠世,属于印支期成矿。     

云南中三叠世罗平生物群产出地层的 地球化学特征和沉积环境

为了研究安尼期罗平生物群产出地层的沉积环境,从云南罗平地区关岭组二段大凹子精测剖面采集50件样品进行了主量、稀土、微量元素分析。分析结果表明,所有灰岩样品的K、Na含量较低,Mg/Ca比值也较低,反映罗平地区在中三叠世安尼期为温暖潮湿的气候条件;Sr/Ba比值(1.22~68.96,平均值为24.35)较高,m值(=100×MgO/Al2O3)为27.22~27400,平均值达到1432,稀土元素较低的Y/Ho比值,表现出平缓或者微弱的LREE亏损,以及与近岸河口沉积物相似的稀土配分曲线特征,指示其属于近岸的碳酸盐台地内部盆地沉积。从剖面底部到顶部,Al、K、V、Ti和P等元素含量以及Co/Ti、Ni/Ti比值具有多个变化旋回,反映海平面升降变化频繁,总体发生了两次较大规模的海平面相对上升活动。所有样品的V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th等元素比值、δU、lg(Ce/Ce*)等参数值都较高,反映沉积水体为相对低能、缺氧的环境。氧化还原敏感元素V、U、Co、Ni、Zn和Cr等呈现出锯齿状曲线特征,表明水体并不完全处于缺氧环境,而是随着海平面周期性升降活动,底部水体表现为间歇性缺氧。结合地球化学及地层学资料,认为中三叠世安尼期罗平地区处于温暖潮湿、还原、低能的离岸较近台内盆地,这一时期海平面升降频繁,底部水体为间歇性缺氧环境。     

Emplacement of the La Peña alkaline igneous complex,Mendoza, Argentina (33° S): Implications for the early Miocene tectonic regime in the retroarc of the Andes

The La Peña alkaline complex (LPC) of Miocene age (18–19 Ma) lies on the eastern front of the Precordillera (32°41ʹ34ʺS, 68°59ʹ48″W, 1400–2900 m a.s.l.), 30 km northwest of Mendoza city, Argentina. It is a subcircular massif of 19 km² and 5 km in diameter, intruded in the metasedimentary sequence of the Villavicencio Formation of Silurian-Devonian age. It is the result of integration of multiple pulses derived from one or more deep magma chambers, which form a suite of silicate rocks grouped into: a clinopyroxenite body, a central syenite facies with a large breccia zone at the contact with the clinopyroxenite, bodies of malignite, trachyte and syenite porphyry necks, and a system of radial and annular dikes of different compositions. Its subcircular geometry and dike system distribution are frequent features of intraplate plutons or plutons emplaced in post-orogenic settings. These morphostructural features characterize numerous alkaline complexes worldwide and denote the importance of magmatic pressures that cause doming with radial and annular fracturing, in a brittle country rock. However, in the LPC, the attitude of the internal fabric of plutonic and subvolcanic units and the preferential layout of dikes match the NW–SE extensional fractures widely distributed in the host rock. This feature indicates a strong tectonic control linked to the structure that facilitate space for emplacement, corresponding to the brittle shear zone parallel to the N–S stratigraphy of the country rock. Shearing produced a system of discontinuities, with a K fractal fracture pattern, given by the combination of Riedel (R), anti-Riedel (R′), (P) and extensional (T) fracture systems, responsible for the control of melt migration by the opening of various fracture branches, but particularly through the NW–SE (T) fractures. Five different pulses would have ascent, (1) an initial one from which cumulate clinopyroxenite was formed, (2) a phase of mafic composition represented by dikes cross-cutting the clinopyroxenite, (3) a malignite facies that causes a small breccia in the clinopyroxenite, (4) a central syenite facies that develops breccias at the contact with the clinopyroxenite and, finally, (5) porphyry necks and a system of radial dikes intruding all units. At the moment of the emplacement different mechanisms would have acted, they summarized in: 1) opening of discontinuities synchronous to the magma circulation as the principal mechanism for formation of dikes and conduits; 2) stoping processes, that play an important role in the development of the breccia zone and enabling an efficient transference of material during the emplacement of the syenitic magma and 3) shear-related deformation (regional stress), affected the internal fabric of the facies, causing intracrystalline deformation and submagmatic flow, which is very evident in the central syenite intrusive. The kinematic analysis of shear planes allows proposing that emplacement of the LPC took place in a transtensive regime, which would have occurred in the back-arc of the Andes orogen, during a long period spanning from Miocene to the present, of the compressive deformation responsible, westward and at the same latitude, for the development of the Aconcagua fold and thrust belt.     

阴山及邻区三叠纪富碱侵入岩的成因意义

富碱侵入岩主要包括碱性岩和碱性花岗岩以及碱长花岗岩,其全碱含量(K2O+Na2O)一般8%。碱性岩主要包括正长岩、霞石正长岩、辉石正长岩、霓霞正长岩、闪石正长岩等,在岩石化学上相对贫硅富铝高碱。碱性花岗岩是指含碱性角闪石、碱性辉石的花岗岩,相对富硅贫铝高碱。在各类侵入岩中,富碱侵入岩所占比例很小,其出露面积约占各类侵入岩出露总面积的2%。但是,富碱侵入岩却有重要的矿产和地质意义。富碱侵入岩的研究不仅对于揭示岩石圈地幔的组成特征、壳幔相互作用及其地球动力学背景具有重要的意义,而且,能为有关岩石圈演化、找矿勘查和资源评价工作提供科学依据。根据对现有资料的总结,燕辽-阴山地区目前已发现很多三叠纪的富碱侵入岩体,它们西起内蒙古包头市,东到吉林省的中部,向东一直延伸到朝鲜的北部,大体分布于北纬40°~42°之间(宽度约100km),构成一条近EW向、长达1500km的碱性岩带。阴山及邻区的三叠纪富碱侵入岩分布在包头、凉城、四子王旗、察哈尔右后旗和察哈尔右中旗地区,东边与之相邻的碱性侵入岩主要分布在天镇、阳原和矾山,它们形成于268~190Ma,其中凉城和包头富碱侵入岩的形成年龄较小(197~190Ma)。这些杂岩体的岩石学和地球化学组成变化较大,其SiO2含量变化可从35%到70%。相比之下,四子王旗和察哈尔地区的正长岩具有较高的SiO2和Al2O3含量,较低的TiO2、Fe2O3和MgO,这可能反映了它们是地幔源区物质较高程度部分熔融的产物,而且经历了相对较大程度的辉石、橄榄岩和角闪石的分离结晶作用。绝大多数正长岩具有很低的MgO含量,落在了板片熔融实验(1~4GPa)所产生的熔体范围之内,部分样品具有相对较高的MgO含量和Mg#,落在了来源于大洋板片熔融所产生的埃达克岩范围内,说明这些岩石的形成可能与再循环的俯冲板片熔融有关。这些侵入岩普遍富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素(如Ba,K和Sr)富集、亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)、Th、U和P,其εNd(t)和(87Sr/86Sr)i值的变化范围分别为-17~-3和0.7054~0.7092。多数数据点落在了大洋沉积物的范围内,显示出II型富集地幔参与的特征,即这些正长岩的原始岩浆主要来源于富集的岩石圈地幔。四子王旗正长岩具有最低的εNd(t)值(-17),表明下地壳物质的贡献较大,这与其钾长石的Pb同位素组成特征相一致。现有的Pb同位素数据也表明在研究区富碱侵入岩的岩浆形成过程中有大洋物质的参与。从εNd(t)值与侵入岩形成年龄的相关性变化可以看出,随着形成年龄的减小,下地壳物质的贡献在增加。总之,上述特征表明它们主要来源于富集的岩石圈地幔,并有不同程度的下地壳物质的参与。该富集地幔的形成与古亚洲洋的俯冲作用有关。由于富碱侵入岩通常形成于拉张的构造背景下,因此研究区富碱侵入岩的形成标志着古亚洲洋的闭合以及华北-蒙古陆块碰撞的结束。这些俯冲和碰撞事件造成了华北北缘岩石圈地幔组成和性质的明显改变。该区富碱侵入岩的岩浆活动时空分布规律及其动力学背景尚需精确的年代学和详细的地球化学研究来进一步制约。     

"三江"北段昌都陆块晚三叠世钾质-超钾质火山岩成因及地质意义

昌都微陆块内部发育一套晚三叠世粗安岩.本文基于系统的野外踏勘,对具有代表性的火山岩进行岩石学、地球化学等研究.结果显示该区火山岩的SiO₂含量为51.36%~58.04%,全碱含量(Na₂O+K₂O)为5.03%~7.84%,根据岩石K₂O,MgO及K₂O/Na₂O比值判断,属钾质-超钾质火山岩,具高K、高Al、低Ti的特征.本区岩石强烈富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),Nb、Ta、Ti的负异常明显,整体特征类似于弧火山岩.其稀土总量较高(270×10^-6~960×10^-6),轻重稀土分馏明显,重稀土分布形态较平缓.岩石具有较高的初始锶同位素比值(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.7150~0.7176和较低的初始钕同位素比值(¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)_i=0.51180~0.51184,ε_Nd(t)=-10.9~-10.2,二段Nd模式年龄为t_2DM=1.82~1.88Ga.本区岩石的地球化学特征显示其源区是由俯冲板片所产生的流体/熔体交代的岩石圈地幔,源区矿物组成分析结果显示,其源区以尖晶石二辉橄榄岩为主,含少量石榴石二辉橄榄岩及金云母.本区钾质-超钾质岩石虽然与西藏南部的钾质-超钾质岩石有相似的地球化学特征,但却产于碰撞后的构造背景之下.结合其所具有的弧火山岩特征及时代构造背景判断其为一种"滞后型"弧火山岩,其形成过程可以概括为三个阶段.