激光干涉测距三维秩亏网的拟稳平差

激光跟踪仪采用激光干涉测距原理,其测距精度远远高于测角精度。利用激光跟踪仪的高精度激光干涉测距值,构成空间三维激光干涉测边网,可以消除测角误差对空间点位的影响,大幅度提高三维点坐标精度。由于激光干涉测距三维网存在数亏问题,且整网控制点的稳定性不同,因此采用秩亏自由网平差模型,分别以测站点和定向点为拟稳点对测量数据进行平差解算。平差结果表明,在拟稳点选择合理的情况下,空间点三维坐标平差值反算的距离与测量距离的差值优于±10μm;点位误差可以优于±20μm。     

A shape-based segmentation method for mobile laser scanning point clouds

Segmentation of mobile laser point clouds of urban scenes into objects is an important step for post-processing (e.g., interpretation) of point clouds. Point clouds of urban scenes contain numerous objects with significant size variability, complex and incomplete structures, and holes or variable point densities, raising great challenges for the segmentation of mobile laser point clouds. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a shape-based segmentation method. The proposed method first calculates the optimal neighborhood size of each point to derive the geometric features associated with it, and then classifies the point clouds according to geometric features using support vector machines (SVMs). Second, a set of rules are defined to segment the classified point clouds, and a similarity criterion for segments is proposed to overcome over-segmentation. Finally, the segmentation output is merged based on topological connectivity into a meaningful geometrical abstraction. The proposed method has been tested on point clouds of two urban scenes obtained by different mobile laser scanners. The results show that the proposed method segments large-scale mobile laser point clouds with good accuracy and computationally effective time cost, and that it segments pole-like objects particularly well.     

Urban accessibility diagnosis from mobile laser scanning data

In this paper we present an approach for automatic analysis of urban accessibility using 3D point clouds. Our approach is based on range images and it consists in two main steps: urban objects segmentation and curbs detection. Both of them are required for accessibility diagnosis and itinerary planning.Our method automatically segments facades and urban objects using two hypotheses: facades are the highest vertical structures in the scene and objects are bumps on the ground on the range image. The segmentation result is used to build an urban obstacle map. After that, the gradient is computed on the ground range image. Curb candidates are selected using height and geodesic features. Then, nearby curbs are reconnected using Bézier curves. Finally, accessibility is defined based on geometrical features and accessibility standards.Our methodology is tested on two MLS databases from Paris (France) and Enschede (The Netherlands). Our experiments show that our method has good detection rates, is fast and presents few false alarms. Our method outperforms other works reported in the literature on the same databases.     

Performance of dense digital surface models based on image matching in the estimation of plot-level forest variables

Recent research results have shown that the performance of digital surface model extraction using novel high-quality photogrammetric images and image matching is a highly competitive alternative to laser scanning. In this article, we proceed to compare the performance of these two methods in the estimation of plot-level forest variables. Dense point clouds extracted from aerial frame images were used to estimate the plot-level forest variables needed in a forest inventory covering 89 plots. We analyzed images with 60% and 80% forward overlaps and used test plots with off-nadir angles of between 0° and 20°. When compared to reference ground measurements, the airborne laser scanning (ALS) data proved to be the most accurate: it yielded root mean square error (RMSE) values of 6.55% for mean height, 11.42% for mean diameter, and 20.72% for volume. When we applied a forward overlap of 80%, the corresponding results from aerial images were 6.77% for mean height, 12.00% for mean diameter, and 22.62% for volume. A forward overlap of 60% resulted in slightly deteriorated RMSE values of 7.55% for mean height, 12.20% for mean diameter, and 22.77% for volume. According to our results, the use of higher forward overlap produced only slightly better results in the estimation of these forest variables. Additionally, we found that the estimation accuracy was not significantly impacted by the increase in the off-nadir angle. Our results confirmed that digital aerial photographs were about as accurate as ALS in forest resources estimation as long as a terrain model was available.     

车载激光扫描的三维道路自动提取方法

车载激光扫描系统获取的复杂道路环境点云数据量大、目标复杂,难以有效提取出道路的点云。本文通过分析扫描线上激光点云的空间分布和统计特征,提出一种适用于复杂道路环境的道路点云自动提取方法。该方法首先根据点的扫描角度或GPS时间信息提取扫描线;利用移动窗口法进行高程滤波,提取地面点云,然后采用基于路坎模型的移动窗口法提取路坎点;利用局部区域相邻扫描线的相似性特点,对提取的路坎点云进行跟踪和优化;最后利用优化后的路坎作为道路的边界实现道路路面精确提取。经过实验和分析,该方法不仅适应于有固定道路宽度的结构化道路提取,同样适用于无固定宽度的复杂道路提取。     

激光法盾构自动导向系统的研究与实现

本文围绕激光法自动导向系统涉及到的关键技术,研究了系统的组成、工作流程以及利用直接测量得到的数据进行盾构掘进偏差量的计算过程.设计并开发了一套盾构自动导向系统,基本满足了自动导向的要求.     

非相干双光源植被冠层方向反射模拟与试验

基于非相干光源叠加的原理,建立了太阳-激光双光源植被冠层方向反射模型。首先,分析了太阳光和激光的特点,指出了其协同应用对植被定量遥感探测的应用潜力;其次,利用Li-Strahler几何光学模型和辐射传输SAIL模型,进行了双光源情况下的模拟研究,发现在非相干叠加的情况下,当两种光源在不同角度入射时,会出现双热点的现象,并且其强度受到两种光源各自强度的影响。基于上述原理,分别针对两种模型进行试验研究,利用模拟“树木”进行了稀疏分布的几何光学模型研究,利用小麦进行了浓密分布条件下的辐射传输模型试验研究,试验结果表明了基本原理及模拟结果的可靠性。结合相关研究分析表明,双光源建模有利于定量遥感机理模型的求解,可以利用构造的“热点”信息进行植被结构参数提取,同时对于主被动遥感协同应用和激光的植被定量遥感研究具有重要价值。     

Focal plane image assembly of subpixel

This paper describes the scanning assembly principle and construction of scanning assembly sample. The factors that affect assembly accuracy are analyzed. There are tow steps in CCD focal plane scanning assembly. The first is rough assembly, and the second is accurate assembly. In this paper, the moiré fringe is introduced in judging assembly accuracy directly and accurately. The equation for optical transmission characteristics of CCD Moiré fringes is presented. The measurement of Moiré fringes can be completed when some conditions are satisfied. 2D-assembly error can be obtained by using digital correlation filtering technique. Finally, the result of focal plane scanning assembly is presented. The result is in good accordance with theory.     

High-Resolution Analysis of Debris Flow–Induced Channel Changes in a Headwater Stream,Ashio Mountains,Japan∗

Coupled hillslope and channel processes in headwater streams (HWS) lead to rapid changes in channel dimensions. Changes in channel size and shape caused by a debris flow event along the length of a headwater stream in the Ashio Mountains, Japan, were captured with the aid of repeat high-definition surveys using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) techniques. The HWS was classified into three distinct reaches below the debris flow initiation zone. A large knickpoint separated an upper bedrock reach from a colluvial reach along the midsection of the drainage. The colluvial reach transitioned to a lower bedrock reach that terminated at the master stream. Cross-sectional and morphometric analyses revealed no statistically significant changes in channel size or shape along the upper bedrock reach. Debris flow erosion generated significant differences in channel size and shape along a colluvial reach. Sediment bulking associated with erosion along the colluvial reach led to increases in channel size along the lower bedrock reach, but no statistical differences in channel shape. Morphometric analyses from the TLS point cloud revealed that debris flow erosion produced a distinct nonlinear change in channel dimensions in the downstream direction within the HWS. Variations in channel substrate along the length of HWS contributed directly to this nonlinear response. The episodic nature and nonlinearity of erosion associated with the current debris flow event highlights the importance of debris flows in general in understanding the transport of sediment, coarse to fine particulate organic material, and large woody debris, which are critical to the long-term management of riverine environments. TLS sampling methods show promise as one component of a multianalytical approach needed to continuously monitor and manage the dynamics of HWS.     

3维激光扫描技术在城市轨道交通工程结构断面测量中的应用研究

采用应用研究与生产相结合的方法,介绍了城市轨道交通工程中结构断面测量的必要性和相关要求,引入地面3维激光扫描技术进行数据采集,并对采集数据进行去噪、拼接、影像匹配、点云数据抽稀、结构断面提取等操作,讨论了地面3维激光扫描技术在城市轨道交通工程结构断面测量中应用的可行性、技术优势、测量方法和数据处理方法。