3种传统方法对不同珊瑚表面积测量的适用性及其校准方法——以3D扫描技术为基准*

造礁石珊瑚的表面积是珊瑚生物学和珊瑚礁生态学研究中重要的参数, 因其形态结构复杂, 准确测量十分困难。由于测量方法的不同, 导致不同珊瑚之间的重要指标无法被直接比较, 因此系统比较不同的表面积测量方法十分必要。以块状的普哥滨珊瑚Porites pukoensis和分枝状的鹿角杯形珊瑚Pocillopora damicornis为研究对象, 以3D扫描技术测量的珊瑚表面积作为标准值, 对比石蜡包埋法、锡箔纸包裹法以及简单几何近似法3种传统方法测量珊瑚表面积的准确度; 讨论了不同的表面积测量方法对于不同形态结构珊瑚的适用性; 并通过简单回归分析, 校准传统测量方法的测量准确度。研究结果表明, 无论在普哥滨珊瑚还是鹿角杯形珊瑚中, 简单几何近似法的测量准确度最高(72.71%和94.52%), 石蜡包埋法其次(68.86%和83.08%), 锡箔纸包裹法最低(65.27%和58.07%)。简单回归分析结果表明, 除了锡箔纸包裹法测量普哥滨珊瑚表面积与3D扫描测量结果的相关性较低(r²=0.76)外, 其他传统测量方法与3D扫描测量结果均具有较强相关性(r²>0.95)。因此, 研究认为可通过简单回归分析构建回归方程对传统测量方法进行校准, 以提高传统方法的测量准确度。     

Fast reconnaissance of carbonate dissolution based on the size distribution of calcareous ooze on Walvis Ridge, SE Atlantic Ocean

We present a new index of carbonate fragmentation based on the size distribution of bulk sediments in core MD962094 from Walvis Ridge (SE Atlantic Ocean). The carbonate fragmentation index is constructed by taking a ratio of the two coarsest fractions in the grain size distributions of the bulk calcareous ooze. The coarsest two fractions (25–90 μm and >90 μm) of the bulk sediments consist primarily of complete shells and fragments of adult foraminifera shells, and juvenile foraminifera shells and fragments, respectively. The ratio of the proportions of the two fractions is interpreted as a measure of fragmentation of the foraminifera shells caused by carbonate dissolution. Downcore changes in our carbonate fragmentation index compare very well with those in the coarse-carbonate fragmentation index in sediments from a nearby core on Walvis Ridge. The latter commonly used fragmentation index is defined as a ratio of foraminifera fragments over whole foraminifera in the >150-μm fraction as seen with a light microscope. Fragmentation is relatively high during glacial stages and relatively low during interglacial stages during the last 300 kyr, caused by the combined effect of wind-driven upwelling of corrosive water and increased production of organic matter, decreasing the preservation potential of carbonates both during and after deposition. The carbonate fragmentation index we present here provides a precise and fast method to establish a downcore fragmentation record. It can be applied to bulk sediments that are carbonate-rich (CaCO₃>68%) and to all other deep-marine sediments of which the grain size distribution of the carbonate-free fraction is available.     

城市激光点云语义分割典型方法对比研究

基于深度学习方法在城市激光点云语义分割任务中的应用效果缺乏客观的对比与评价,该文选取当前4种代表性点云语义分割深度网络(PointNet、PointNet++、PointCNN、SPG)以及一种基于特征描述子的层次化点云语义分割方法,采用3组开放点云数据集(Semantic 3D、Oakland及TerraMobilita/iQmulus3Durban)对不同方法的语义分割质量进行对比分析,结果发现:1)层次化点云语义分割方法的语义分割质量优于另外4种深度学习方法;2)考虑局部信息的深度网络(PointNet++、PointCNN、SPG)的表现优于仅考虑点云全局特征的方法(Point-Net);3)在基于深度学习的方法中,基于超点图的SPG网络在测试数据中的效果优于其他几种网络。研究结果对于实际应用选择点云语义分割方法以及点云语义分割深度网络的设计优化具有借鉴意义。     

大理苍山世界地质公园第四纪冰碛物特征及年代测定

云南大理苍山世界地质公园具有较高的美学价值与地学科研价值,在地学研究领域中苍山又被称为点苍山。本次研究的主要区域是点苍山玉局峰北坡和点苍山西北部的罗坪山大小海子地区,本文对点苍山玉局峰北坡冰碛物和罗坪山第四纪沉积物进行了光释光年代测定,讨论了光释光测年方法在点苍山地区第四纪冰碛物测年中的适用性,测得玉局峰北坡搬运距离较远的三条冰碛垄的年龄为(31.68±3.22)~(28.01±1.95)ka BP,属于末次冰期。对罗坪山地区第四纪沉积物进行石英砂扫描电镜分析,观察到大小海子附近第四纪沉积物石英砂表面具有一定的冰川成因特征,推断罗坪山大小海子地区曾发育过第四纪冰川作用,通过光释光测年得到大小海子附近冰川沉积物年代为(136.36±10.16)ka BP,相当于倒数第二次冰期。结合前人研究,推断点苍山地区也具有发育倒数第二次冰期的可能性。     

宁镇地区下志留统高家边组富有机质页岩孔隙结构

通过氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜、小角X射线散射及低温氮气吸附实验,对宁镇地区下志留统仑山5井等高家边组底部富有机质泥页岩孔隙结构进行分析,为下扬子区下志留统富有机质泥页岩的储层评价提供依据。研究表明:高家边组富有机质泥页岩含有大量的纳米级孔隙,包括有机质孔、矿物粒间孔、矿物粒内孔、微裂缝等,孔径分布复杂;优势孔径分布为介孔段,孔隙直径主要为2~50 nm。影响孔径分布的主要因素是矿物组成,脆性矿物和黏土矿物对微孔和介孔都有一定的影响,而有机质含量对泥页岩总体孔隙特征的影响并不明显。     

Regional metamorphism and the alteration response of selected Silurian to Devonian mineral systems in the Nymagee area,Central Lachlan Orogen,New South Wales: a HyLogger™ case study

The southern Cobar Superbasin includes the Mount Hope, Cobar and Rast troughs and adjacent Winduck, Mouramba and Kopyje shelves. These stratotectonic units host a range of mineral systems within deformed upper Silurian to Lower Devonian rocks. Despite the metallogenic importance of the terrane the regional metamorphic- and alteration-related mineral assemblages have not been systematically described until now. Here, we present a study using the HyLogger? spectral scanner to systematically map changes in both background and alteration-related mineralogy for 14 mineral systems across the Nymagee area. The study found that, with the exception of the late diagenetic zone assemblages associated with the Winduck Shelf, the mineral assemblages for zones away from mineralisation are consistent with uniform sub- to lowest-greenschist facies metamorphic conditions, with no evidence for a regional, thermal field gradient across the basin. By contrast, proximal to mineralisation, there are significant changes in alteration-related mineral abundances and species reflecting elevated fluid temperatures. For several zones, including Browns Reef, Great Central, Hera, May Day, Nymagee and Shuttleton, there is a systematic change in chlorite composition from Fe- and/or Fe–Mg-chlorites to more Mg-rich varieties towards mineralisation. In addition, talc was noted for May Day, Mineral Hill and Shuttleton. The change in chlorite composition suggests that these ore-forming fluids were undersaturated with respect to iron. Furthermore, although present in discrete zones, carbonate alteration is not a dominant alteration type. However, at Manuka and Blue Mountain, the mineralisation is associated with carbonate-rich (calcite, ankerite, dolomite) units that have been dolomitised (Mg alteration) but not all dolomite-rich zones are mineralised. For Mineral Hill, there are systematic changes to mineral species/chemistry with observed data consistent with Parkers Hill being proximal to the centre of a mineralising system. The G and H Lode area (Southern Ore Zone) is slightly more distal whereas the Pearse deposit may represent a zone more distal again.     

Rock Joint Surfaces Measurement and Analysis of Aperture Distribution under Different Normal and Shear Loading using GIS

Summary The geometry of the rock joint is a governing factor for joint mechanical and hydraulic behaviour. A new method for evaluating the aperture distribution, based on measurement of joint surfaces and three dimensional characteristics of each surface, is developed. This method allows one to determine and visualize the aperture distribution under different normal stresses and shear displacements, which is difficult to observe experimentally. A new laser scanner system is designed and developed for joint surface measurements. Special attention is paid to both surfaces’ data gained by measurements and processing, such as x-y coordinate table modification, data referencing, and matching between upper and lower surfaces. The surfaces of an artificial joint in granite are measured, processed, analyzed and three dimensional approaches are carried out for surface characterization. Parameters such as “asperity’s heights”, “slope angles”, and “aspects” distribution at micro scale, local concentration of elements and their spatial localization at local scale are determined by Geographic Information System (GIS). These parameters are used for joint surfaces matching and its real behavior quantitative analysis. The upper surface is brought down to make contact with the lower surface and the distance between the two surfaces is evaluated from the joint mean experimental aperture, which is obtained from normal and shear tests. Changes of aperture distribution at different normal stresses and various shear displacements are visualized and interpreted. Increasing normal load causes negative changes in aperture frequency distribution which indicates high joint matching. However, increasing shear displacement causes a rapid increase in the aperture and positive changes in the aperture frequency distribution, which could be due to un-matching, surface anisotropy and spatial localization of contact points with proceeding shear. Author’s address: Mostafa Sharifzadeh, Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez 424, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran     

江苏潮滩沉积物激光粒度仪与移液管-筛析分析结果的对比

激光粒度仪的广泛应用带来了与历史数据的对比问题,因此需要建立激光粒度仪与早期分析结果之间的关系。根据江苏海岸潮滩沉积物样品的激光粒度仪和移液管—筛析法分析,对粒度参数、粒度组分等进行了对比,对两种方法的差异进行了分析。结果表明,对于江苏潮滩沉积物粒度参数中平均粒径的激光粒度仪与移液管—筛析分析结果之间有良好的线性关系;筛分法测得的粗颗粒物质较激光法偏少,而移液管法法测得的细颗粒物质较激光法偏多;将样品分类之后再进行两种方法所获粒度参数的回归分析,相关性得以提高,说明不同粒度组成的沉积物对分析结果的对比有不同的影响。两种方法之间的换算关系不仅与研究区域有关,而且与沉积物本身的粒度组成有关。     

3D激光扫描应用于开采沉陷相似材料模型观测

根据开采沉陷相似材料模型实验的特点,采用了三维激光扫描仪对开采沉陷相似材料模型进行观测,得到了测点的拟合与建模两种三维坐标数据,分析了模型的下沉曲线,实现了用三维激光扫描仪对开采沉陷相似材料模型观测新方法的研究.     

数据墙显示系统的构建技术

构建了一个具有多屏拼接和笔式交互特性的数据墙显示系统,该系统由支撑框架、显示和激光笔交互3部分组成,支撑框架部分设计了可快速拆装的结构,保证了便携性;显示系统是由3块背投屏幕和3台投影机组成,可显示大数据量信息;激光笔交互则利用3块摄像头分别对屏幕进行实时捕捉图像,再对图像中激光点位置处理从而获得激光点位置,实现了用户直接在屏幕上进行笔式交互。