激光跟踪仪测量精度分析

以API公司的T3激光跟踪仪为例,进行简要的理论分析。通过校准前后对比实验、固定点重复测量、距离重复测量实验、激光跟踪仪和干涉仪对比实验、现场点位中误差测量实验及激光跟踪仪与常规测量对比实验,对激光跟踪仪的测量精度进行测量和验证。激光跟踪仪在校准后,短距离测量时测距精度对空间点位精度起主导作用,测角精度比较稳定;随着距离的增大,测距、空间点位误差增大。较之常规测量,短距离测量具有很高的测量精度。     

基于SEM、NMR和X-CT的页岩储层孔隙结构综合研究

运用扫描电镜、核磁共振和计算机断层扫描3种孔隙结构研究方法对页岩进行了实验分析。研究结果表明：(1)扫描电镜对于页岩样品的局部观察能力较强,能够直观地反映页岩样品的微观孔隙类型和形态等信息,经氩离子抛光后还可观察到样品的有机质纳米级孔隙,但扫描电镜对样品的总体情况反映能力不够完善;(2)核磁共振受岩石骨架的影响小,可以更精确地测定页岩的孔隙度,进行孔隙大小分布、孔隙连通性和可动流体分析,得到样品的总体特征,但对样品细节的反映较欠缺;(3)CT扫描能够定量分析页岩组分,通过三维重构技术建立页岩样品孔隙和高密度物质分布状况的三维模型,从宏观角度反映孔隙的形态和空间配置特征,其主要不足在于三维重构时CT数阀值的选择对结果具有一定影响。综合运用3种方法,才能更准确地对页岩储层孔隙结构进行研究,以得到更加完善的储层孔隙结构资料。     

中扬子地区震旦系陡山沱组页岩储层孔隙结构特征

通过氩离子抛光-SEM技术,分析了中扬子地区震旦系陡山沱组页岩储层孔隙类型、孔隙形态、孔径和面孔率特征,探讨了这些孔隙的油气地质意义。研究认为,陡山沱组页岩储层发育有机质孔隙、粒间孔隙、粒内孔隙和微裂缝4种孔隙类型。页岩孔隙形态可分为不规则多边形孔、圆形或椭圆形孔、复杂网状孔、串珠状孔、长条形孔、线状孔6种类型,其中复杂网状孔的连通性最好,有利于压差传递,可提高页岩气的解吸效率和储层的渗透率。页岩孔径为10~2 000 nm,主体范围为20~200 nm,平均面孔率为1.4%~6.2%。不同类型的孔隙能够为页岩气的赋存提供不同尺度的储集空间,微裂缝和粒间孔隙对页岩气的运移最为有利。     

CINRAD/SC雷达观测参数合理配置问题研究

中国产CINRAD/SC新一代天气雷达的脉冲重复频率、脉冲采样数和天线扫描转速这3个观测参数均可由雷达使用者自行配置。雷达观测实践表明,这3个观测参数配置得正确、合理与否,将直接影响到雷达获取的基数据资料质量的优劣,进而可影响到雷达导出产品的质量。通过理论分析,得到了天气雷达脉冲重复频率、脉冲采样数和天线转速这3个可配置观测参数科学合理的配置规律。以此作为CINRAD/SC天气雷达相关参数的配置依据,获取的基数据质量可以得到提高。     

流体包裹体中Sr同位素的激光剥蚀多接收等离子体质谱原位微区分析

本文研究了用激光剥蚀多接收等离子体质谱（LA-MC-ICPMS）技术原位微区分析包裹体中Sr同位素的分析方法。5、10、16和30μm剥蚀序列进行包裹体的Sr同位素组成分析结果表明,包裹体中Sr同位素比值和Rb含量明显高于与包裹体接触的方解石矿物,从大个体包裹体（大于2μm）可获得较准确的Sr同位素组成（精密度为0.08%）。由于87Rb的含量只能通过85Rb计算而来,有限包裹体分析信号而导致的Sr同位素分析精度较传统的化学方法略差,因此本方法不能得到包裹体中的Rb-Sr年龄。     

Accuracy of Laser Ablation U-Pb Zircon Dating: Results from a Test Using Five Different Reference Zircons

Using a state‐of‐the‐art 193 nm‐LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS system and with careful control of analytical procedures, the long term external reproducibility and accuracy of the ages Phanerozoic zircons measured over a period of months using calibrator bracketing for the ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages were ca. 1% (2 RSD) if a single reference zircon was used for the matrix‐matched calibration. When different reference zircons were used for the calibration, suspicious systematic shifts in the obtained ages were observed and thus a reduction in the overall accuracy of the dating method became obvious. Such shifts were within a few percent range of the U‐Pb and Pb/Pb ages and seemed to vary independently of zircon age and composition. A “test of accuracy” experiment was conducted reducing instrumental effects as far as possible by analysing five different reference zircons mounted on a single mount eight times during the same session. An identical protocol was used for all analyses, with unchanged instrument parameters and with ion beam intensities kept as identical as possible. For data reduction, every zircon served consecutively as the reference zircon for calibration, with the others in the batch treated as unknowns. The known reference age and the four calculated ages obtained using the four other RMs for calibration were then compared. Even using such a strict analytical protocol, shifts in ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U, ²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios were still present. They varied non‐systematically and ranged from ?4.35% to 3.08% for the investigated age range (1065 Ma to 226 Ma). Assuming the absence of instrumental effects (i.e., memory, dead‐time correction, non‐linearity of ion counters and interdetector calibration, crystallographic orientation, ablation cell geometry and setup, gas flows), the observed shifts were attributed to matrix and/or ablation related effects. It is proposed that non‐spectral matrix effects in the Ar plasma torch resulted in non‐uniform signal enhancement (or depression?) leading to shifts both in elemental and Pb isotopic ratios. Additionally, the ablated particle size distribution could be an important factor controlling plasma conditions and thus mass bias and fractionation. Until such effects are well understood and controlled, it would seem that any LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age determination cannot be meaningfully interpreted at below a ca. 3% to 4% (2 RSD) confidence level.     

芳香族分子示踪在海洋油气勘探中的开发和应用

苯 (benzene)、甲苯 (toluene)、乙苯 (ethylbenzene)和二甲苯 (xylene) (缩写为BTEX)等单环芳烃化合物是原油的主要成分。地层水中苯的痕量分布作为油气藏分子示踪的研究 ,得到国外石油地球化学家们的广泛重视。Burtell等人利用测试海洋石油钻井附近地层水中苯系化合物的含量确定新井位 ,在海洋油气资源勘探方面获得了巨大成功。文中主要介绍了国内在海洋石油勘探的随钻检测和面积化探中应用该类指标的效果和相关方法。通过渤中凹陷试验区取得的地球化学成果 ,验证并揭示了芳香族化合物中分子量级的BTEX指标与油气藏的关系。BTEX指标异常与油气藏直接相关 ,与烷烃类指标相比具有高分辨、高精度特点 ,是有价值的海洋油气地球化学勘探指标。BETX指标应用的关键是高精度测试出样品中芳香族化合物的分子级含量 ,激光单原子高技术为该技术的应用提供了技术保证。在油气资源勘探中 ,利用此指标 ,结合测井、地震等地球物理方法综合分析研究可以减小多解性 ,获得较好的预测效果。     

Identification of stable remanence carriers through a magneto-impedance scanning magnetic microscope

To identify the stable remanence carrier in rock samples, we conducted magnetic microscopic observations combined with conventional stepwise demagnetization experiments. The instrument, which employs an amorphous wire-based magneto-impedance sensor (30 μm diameter, 5 mm length), can document magnetic anomalies (vertical component) of the millimeter to sub-millimeter-thick rock samples with a resolution of 500 μm. Our new technique allows identification of the sources of both stable and unstable remanence components in meteorite and shocked granite samples. However, stray magnetic fields from the sensor magnetize the magnetic minerals in the sample and makes serious artifacts on the magnetic images. Although the artifacts of the induced magnetization should be solved, this new corroborative technique leads to a microscopic discrimination of stable paleomagnetic records from terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials.     

Segregated ice structures in various heaved permafrost landforms through CT Scan

The growth of segregated ice lenses in frost susceptible sediments in the discontinuous permafrost zone is the dominant mechanism for the formation of permafrost mounds, such as palsas, lithalsas and permafrost plateaus. Thawing of these mounds creates thermokarst lakes, which are particularly abundant in Nunavik, east of the Hudson Bay area. The inception of the permafrost in mounds and their growth are regulated by climate conditions, by local Quaternary geology and by environmental factors such as topography, vegetation, snow cover and surface humidity. Variable sizes and morphology of the permafrost mounds can be attributed to local factors that affect the ice segregation process, particularly the supply of water needed for ice‐lens growth and grain‐size composition of the soil into which aggradation takes place. Computer image analysis of CT scans on high quality cores obtained from permafrost mounds and plateaus of various shapes reveal that the ice layer sequences and permafrost internal structure vary with landform types. A relationship therefore exists between different morphological type within a family of landforms and their microscale internal structure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.