冻融作用对土结构性的影响及其导致的强度变化

冻融作用通过改变土的结构性从而改变土的力学性质.以青藏粉质黏土为研究对象,对一定干密度的饱和重塑试样分别进行封闭和开放状态下的冻融试验.通过土样电阻率的改变来反映冻融作用对土中孔隙的影响;对冻融前后的试样分别进行CT扫描,定量分析土样的损伤程度,来反映土颗粒联结的改变.对冻融前后的土样进行不固结、不排水三轴剪切试验,得到其强度参数,并将冻融作用引起的结构变化与强度参数的变化建立联系.研究表明:对试验中采用的土样,经过冻融作用后电阻率增大,反映到强度参数上,冻融作用导致土的内摩擦角增大;CT扫描定量分析发现,经过冻融之后,密度增大,CT损伤量为负值,反映到强度参数上,冻融后黏聚力增加.因此,强度参数的变化与土颗粒的胶结和重排列,粒径重分配以及孔隙大小比例的变化有关.     

Emplacement age of the Songshugou ultramafic massif in the Qinling orogenic belt,and geologic implications

The Songshugou ultramafic massif is located to the north of the Shang‐Dan fault, the Palaeozoic suture between the North and South China blocks. It is the largest Apline‐type ultramafic body in the Qinling orogenic belt of central China, consisting mainly of dunite with a small amount of harzburgite and minor pyroxenite. We present new LA‐ICP‐MS U?Pb dating and trace element results for zircon from two garnet amphibolite samples in the contact metamorphic zone surrounding the massif. One was sampled ～1 m from the massif, the other ～5 m away. The studied zircon grains are small, anhedral, and display typical metamorphic characteristics of low Th/U values (<0.1). The U and Th concentrations of zircon range from several hundred ppm to less than 10 ppm. Cathodoluminescence images show two apparent generations of zircon, with lighter cores and darker rims. Core and rim ages however, are identical within error. These two samples yield identical concordant ages of 506±7 and 510±7 Ma, suggesting that the Songshugou ultramafic massif was emplaced at ～510 Ma. Low HREE concentrations and the absence of Eu anomalies in most analysed zircons suggest that the studied grains most likely formed during garnet amphibolite metamorphism induced by emplacement of the ultramafic massif.

To better understand the cooling history of the massif, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of amphibole from three garnet amphibolite specimens in the contact metamorphic zone and one amphobolite sample about 20 m away from the massif were determined. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages increase from 372±15 Ma (JSM‐01) near the massif to disturbed, unreliable ‘plateau’ ages of 474±8 Ma (JSM‐03) and 781±146 Ma (JSM‐04) with increasing distance from the ultramafic massif, showing limited heating during exhumation of the massif, followed by slow cooling. Therefore, the Songshugou ultramafic massif does not reflect the Jining orogeny at ～1 Ga. Instead, it was emplaced into the Proterozoic, Qinling Group during the Palaeozoic, probably due to the subduction along the Shang‐Dan fault.     

Melt and fluid inclusion evidence for a genetic relationship between magmatism in the Shuangliao volcanic field and inorganic CO2 gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin,China

We have studied melt and fluid inclusions in minerals from alkali basalts, mantle xenoliths, and dawsonite-bearing sandstones from the Shuangliao volcanic field in southern Songliao Basin, Northeast China. The inclusions have been investigated using petrographic, geochemical, and laser Raman spectroscopic techniques. Volcanic rocks of the Shuangliao field are predominantly alkali olivine basalts that contain rare mantle xenoliths. Silicate melt and fluid inclusions are common in both olivine phenocrysts and the mantle xenoliths. The fluid inclusions are mainly composed of CO₂ with small amounts of CO, CH₄, N₂, and H₂O, which is consistent with an upper mantle origin. CO₂ gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin are mostly derived from a mantle–magmatic source. Coeval fluid-inclusion homogenization temperatures, coupled with the thermal burial history, show that the CO₂ gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin are Cenozoic (40–63 Ma) and coeval with the magmatism in the Shuangliao volcanic field. Despite the relatively small scale of this volcanic activity, it released large amounts of CO₂. Much of the magma was not erupted, and CO₂- and H₂O-rich magma was probably intruded into the basin along deep faults, acting as a major source of inorganic CO₂ gas in the southern Songliao Basin.     

铁氧化物型铜金矿中磁铁矿微量元素含量对结构参数影响的初步研究

磁铁矿是一种重要的铁氧化物,广泛分布于自然界的三大类岩石和各种不同类型的矿床中.采用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱仪,分析了澳大利亚Ernest Henry铁氧化物型铜金矿床中磁铁矿的微量元素含量,并用X衍射测定微量元素含量最高和最低时磁铁矿相应的晶胞参数,从而评价微量元素变化对磁铁矿结构参数的影响.结果表明,磁铁矿中存在着阳离子替代关系;微量元素含量高的磁铁矿晶胞参数a0值小于标准磁铁矿的a0值,含微量元素低的磁铁矿晶胞参数a0值则大于标准磁铁矿的a0值;磁铁矿中所含微量元素不同,其对应的晶胞参数a0值亦有明显变化.     

先验知识引导的车载激光扫描点云道路信息提取

文章研究利用先验知识从车载激光扫描点云数据中提取道路信息:使用改进的不规则三角网渐进加密滤波方法对点云滤波;将地面点投影到水平面上,利用行车轨迹提取道路主轴线;然后生成高程差分特征图像,以主轴线为基准进行平面生长获得道路面;并根据反射强度,进一步获得道路边界和道路标识线等信息.最后使用两景车载激光扫描点云数据验证了方法的可行性和有效性.     

变窗口均值限差法的点云噪声滤除方法

利用三维点云数据建模的准确与否很大程度上依赖于点云滤波效果的好坏,通过对滤波方法的研究,可以提供尽量准确的地面点云数据.文章利用C#高级编程语言,结合OpenGL三维图形库对三维激光点云数据进行噪声滤波处理;将三维激光点云投影到格网内的拟合平面上,通过变窗口均值限差法对高差、坡度关键参数进行了分析对比,确定出合适滤波参数,模拟表达实际地形的原貌.实验证明,变窗口的均值限差法可以滤除绝大部分噪声,对于紧邻地面的部分噪声,可以通过进一步拟合最小二乘曲面或加入先验信息等方法去除.该方法不仅能够有效去除噪声,而且还能较大程度地保留地形的特征信息.     

基于地面三维激光扫描技术的滑坡模型监测与预测

地面三维激光扫描技术可以高精度、高密度、高速度、非接触地测量滑坡表面三维空间坐标,从而得到滑坡模型地表的整体变形资料.文章结合滑坡模型试验,利用灰色模型GM(1,1)对模型中提取的两个监测点的三维坐标位移进行预测,经由实测值与预测值比较、误差检验、图形对比等得出结论:灰色模型可以应用于长期的滑坡控制点三维坐标位移预测中.     

车载激光扫描系统在道路断面采集中的应用

介绍了北京四维远见SSW车载激光测量系统的基本概况,并基于该系统选择了北京市昌平某地区的一段道路进行数据采集,结合外业采集的控制点对点云精度进行验证。然后,在点云的基础上进行道路断面的采集,结合传统测量方法与车载系统方法对本次数据采集进行了分析,最终,得到了一种快速实现断面测量的方法。     

X射线技术在安检领域的应用

X射线技术是一种成熟且应用非常广泛的安检技术,主要包括X射线透射法、双能X射线法、X射线背散射法和计算机断层扫描法等。其成像原理虽略有不同,但都是利用X射线与物质作用来提取物品的物理特征,从而达到安全检查的目的。在实际应用中,各类X射线技术都存在各自的缺点和不足,造成实际安检存在漏报、误报等问题,为解决这些问题,综合应用各类技术可能是一个有效的解决办法。     

两种粉质黏土的动、静强度特性对比研究

以京津高铁和杭州地铁沿线的两种典型粉质黏土为研究对象,并采用英国GDS多功能三轴仪完成了静、动力强度测试,研究了两种土的静力不排水抗剪强度和在交通荷载高振次循环下的动强度、临界动应力比、应变发展模式以及振后抗剪强度等方面的差异。对比发现,长期循环荷载作用下两种土的应变发展和振后强度均有很大不同。与京津地区粉质黏土相比,杭州地铁沿线土含水率高、孔隙比大、密度低、灵敏度高、强度低。两种原状土在小幅振动后土体强度略有增大,而随振幅增大,振后强度将低于未经历振动时的不排水强度值;而重塑土振后强度均低于静剪强度。