Lateral tidal mixing in the Antarctic marginal seas

Tidal mixing plays an important role in the modification of dense water masses around the Antarctic continent. In addition to the vertical (diapycnal) mixing in the near-bottom layers, lateral mixing can also be of relevance in some areas. A numerical tide simulation shows that lateral tidal mixing is not uniformly distributed along the shelf break. In particular, strong mixing occurs all along the Ross Sea and Southern Weddell Sea shelf breaks, while other regions (e.g., the western Weddell Sea) are relatively quiet. The latter regions correspond surprisingly well to areas where indications for cross-shelf exchange of dense water masses have been found. The results suggest that lateral tidal mixing may account for the relatively small contribution of Ross Sea dense water masses to Antarctic Bottom Water.     

Preliminary Results from a New 157 nm Laser Ablation ICP-MS Instrument: New Opportunities in the Analysis of Solid Samples

Preliminary results are given from an excimer 157 nm laser ablation multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (LA-MC-ICP-MS), used for the isotopic measurements of solid materials. Elements of geological interest with different volatilities such as Pb and U (e.g. zircon geochronology) and Cu and Zn (as examples of geochemical/biochemical tracers) were analysed. The range of ablation rates of 20-150 nm s^-1 enabled us to ablate the sample down to a depth of 45 μm for a 50 μm diameter pit. The Cu and Zn isotopic measurements gave values that were very stable with, on average, a 0.01 % standard error, comparable with that achieved in liquid mode measurements.     

一类热流问题解的存在性

热敏半导体器件中电位与温度满足的方程组，是一个椭圆－抛物耦合组，并带有混合边界条件。利用不动点定理可证明该问题解的存在性。     

Surface chemical analysis in coal preparation research: complementary information from XPS and ToF-SIMS

The application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to coal surface characterisation for preparation research is described. Progress towards the acquisition of complementary surface chemical information by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is also discussed. Surface-based beneficiation techniques such as flotation are assuming greater importance as the proportion of fines in raw coal increases due to the proliferation of high capacity mining methods. A necessary condition for the floatability of a coal particle is adequate hydrophobicity, and the degree of hydrophobicity of the flotation concentrate is one factor influencing the ease with which its dewatering can be affected. The hydrophobicity of a coal is very difficult to measure directly because of microporosity, and it is often necessary to deduce the degree of hydrophobicity from a knowledge of the surface chemistry. XPS is able to provide sufficient analytical data to allow relative levels of hydrophobicity to be estimated. In principle, ToF-SIMS should be able to supply additional information enabling refinement of such estimates; however, there are insufficient data at present to allow the ionic fragments detected to be related to specific functional groups at the coal surface.     

Determination of Lithium, Beryllium and Boron at Trace Levels by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Sector Field Mass Spectrometry

The analytical capabilities of laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS in determining Li, Be and B at trace levels in geological samples have been tested on a series of glass reference materials and natural samples. The LA-ICP-MS instrument used consisted of a sector-field ICP-MS coupled with a laser ablation microprobe operating at either 266 or 213 nm wavelength. Reference glasses from NIST (SRM 612, 614 and 616) and MPI-DING (KL2-G, ML3B-G, StHs6/80-G, GOR128-G, GOR132-G, T1-G and ATHO-G) were selected to develop the analytical method and to assess the best instrumental configuration. A series of calcic amphiboles with different Li, Be and B concentrations were also analysed using both LA-ICP-MS and SIMS to test the applicability of the method to natural minerals. Results indicated that with a spot size of 40 μm the agreement between measured and reference values of Li, Be and B is generally better than 10% for NIST SRM 612 and 20% for NIST SRM 614. Average reproducibility at the 2s level was 10% for Li, 20% for Be and 15% for B. Limits of detection were approximately 100 ng g^-1 for Be and B and 200 ng g^-1 for Li. These results were confirmed by analyses carried out on natural amphiboles and compared well in terms of precision and accuracy with those commonly achieved by SIMS.     

硅酸盐和金属氧化物矿物氧同位素组成的CO_2激光氟化分析

我室采用MIR 10型CO2 激光器 ,在一种富BrF5的氛围中使激光对硅酸盐和氧化物矿物样品加热形成O2 ,经多次纯化后用 5 的分子筛吸收 ,再直接送至气体质谱仪进行氧同位素比值测定。这个实验流程与传统方法相比的改进不仅在使用激光加热技术及样品的放置上 ,而且在直接采用O2 而不是CO2 进行质谱测定。采用O2 进行直接分析的优点不仅避免了向CO2 转化过程中的潜在同位素分馏 ,而且能够得到样品的δ1 7O值 ,因此为宇宙样品分析提供了可能。CO2 激光氟化技术的优点是所需样品量小 (可低达 1～ 2mg) ,因此能够分析微小岩石区域或单矿物晶体内的氧同位素分布。同时 ,激光可以达到非常高的温度 (>40 0 0K) ,因此能够对某些难熔矿物 (如锆石、蓝晶石、橄榄石等 )进行氧同位素分析。     

有色示踪剂模拟槽实验图像分析法

图像分析法是处理有色示踪剂模拟槽实验结果的常用方法之一。本文以食用亮蓝为示踪剂,从污染物的检测精度和污染羽描绘的准确度两个方面将图像分析法与传统取样法进行对比,并利用Matlab编程对模拟槽内的污染物贮存质量进行定量计算。结果表明,与传统取样法结果相比：图像分析法的检测精度可提高1个数量级;污染羽的描绘准确度至少可提高3%左右,在实验所设置的非均质条件下可提高17%左右。利用自行编制的Matlab程序对本实验模拟槽内贮存亮蓝质量进行计算可得,当剖分格数为3 700²（1 369万）时,亮蓝贮存质量的计算值最接近实测值,最小误差仅为0.5%。综合来讲,图像分析法是一种准确度高、空间分辨率高的信息采集和处理手段,可实现对非均质地层中有色示踪剂运移过程更为精细的描述。     

用X射线荧光光谱法测定Cl、S等31个元素

采用硼酸镶边垫底的粉末样品压片制样,用ARL ADVANT′XP＋型X射线荧光光谱仪对土壤和水系沉积物样品中Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、S、Cl等31个组分进行测定。重点研究了Cl和S等元素的测定条件、痕量元素的背景选择和谱线重叠校正问题。使用经验系数法和康普敦散射作内标校正基体效应。经标准物质校验,结果与标准值吻合。方法的检出限、精密度和准确度能满足多目标地球化学调查样品的分析要求。     

质量传输和同位素交换:流动几何学和交换机制

耦合的质量传输和动力学限制的同位素交换模型综合考虑了平流、扩散、热液弥散 ,以及岩石与水之间的不平衡同位素交换等项因素。把耦合模型应用于 2个构造环境下的古热液系统 ,进而解释稳定同位素数据。对于造成环绕浅成侵入岩体分布的18O亏损环带的流体的流动几何学 ,以及浅部正断层流体流动的几何学 ,耦合模型提供了不同于单一同位素交换模型的解释。耦合模型也提供了关于同位素相对交换速率和同位素交换机制的信息。结果表明 ,断层带的动态重结晶促进了表面反应 ,进而便利了同位素交换 ;在化学不反应性和未变形的矿物中 ,同位素交换可能受制于固态条件下的扩散。