On the jet contribution to the active galactic nuclei cosmic energy budget

Black holes release energy via the production of photons in their accretion discs but also via the acceleration of jets. We investigate the relative importance of these two paths over cosmic time by determining the mechanical luminosity function (LF) of radio sources and by comparing it to a previous determination of the bolometric LF of active galactic nuclei (AGN) from X-ray, optical and infrared observations. The mechanical LF of radio sources is computed in two steps: the determination of the mechanical luminosity as a function of the radio luminosity and its convolution with the radio LF of radio sources. Even with the large uncertainty deriving from the former, we can conclude that the contribution of jets is unlikely to be much larger than ∼10 per cent of the AGN energy budget at any cosmic epoch.     

Influence of a stellar cusp on the dynamics of young stellar discs and the origin of the S-stars in the Galactic Centre

Observations of the Galactic Centre show evidence of one or two disc-like structures of very young stars orbiting the central supermassive black hole within a distance of a few 0.1 pc. A number of analyses have been carried out to investigate the dynamical behaviour and consequences of these discs, including disc thickness and eccentricity growth as well as mutual interaction and warping. However, most of these studies have neglected the influence of the stellar cusp surrounding the black hole, which is believed to be one to two orders of magnitude more massive than the disc(s).
By means of N -body integrations using our bhint code, we study the impact of stellar cusps of different compositions. We find that although the presence of a cusp does have an important effect on the evolution of an otherwise isolated flat disc, its influence on the evolution of disc thickness and warping is rather mild in a two-disc configuration. However, we show that the creation of highly eccentric orbits strongly depends on the graininess of the cusp (i.e. the mean and maximum stellar masses). While Chang recently found that full cycles of Kozai resonance are prevented by the presence of an analytic cusp, we show that relaxation processes play an important role in such highly dense regions and support short-term resonances. We thus find that young disc stars on initially circular orbits can achieve high eccentricities by resonant effects also in the presence of a cusp of stellar remnants, yielding a mechanism to create S-stars and hypervelocity stars.
Furthermore, we discuss the underlying initial mass function (IMF) of the young stellar discs and find no definite evidence for a non-canonical IMF.     

Mini-discs around spinning black holes

Accretion on to black holes in wind-fed binaries and in collapsars forms small rotating discs with peculiar properties. Such 'mini-discs' accrete on the free-fall time without the help of viscosity and nevertheless can have a high radiative efficiency. The inviscid mini-disc model was previously constructed for a non-rotating black hole. We extend the model to the case of a spinning black hole, calculate the structure and radiative efficiency of the disc and find their dependence on the black hole spin. If the angular momenta of the disc and the black hole are anti-aligned, a hydrodynamic analogue of Penrose process takes place.     

Magnetocentrifugal launching of jets from discs around Kerr black holes

Strong magnetic fields modify particle motion in the curved space–time of spinning black holes and change the stability conditions of circular orbits. We study conditions for magnetocentrifugal jet launching from accretion discs around black holes, whereby large-scale black hole lines anchored in the disc may fling tenuous coronal gas outwards. For a Schwarzschild black hole, magnetocentrifugal launching requires that the poloidal component of magnetic fields makes an angle less than  60°  to the outward direction at the disc surface, similar to the Newtonian case. For prograde rotating discs around Kerr black holes, this angle increases and becomes  90°  for footpoints anchored to the disc near the horizon of a critically spinning   a = M   black hole. Thus, a disc around a critically spinning black hole may centrifugally launch a jet even along the rotation axis.     

Injected spectrum for TeV-γ-ray emission from the galactic center

The detection of very high energy γ-ray emission from the Galactic center has been reported by four independent groups. One of these γ-ray sources, the 10TeV γ-ray radiation reported by HESS, has been suggested as having a hadronic origin when relativistic protons are injected into and interact with the dense ambient gas. Assuming that such relativistic protons required by the hadronic model come from the tidal disruption of a star by the massive black hole of Sgr A*, we explore the spectrum of the relativistic protons. In the calculations, we investigate cases where different types of stars are tidally disrupted by the black hole of Sgr A*, and we consider that different diffusion mechanisms are used for the propagation of protons. The initial energy distribution of the injected spectrum of protons is assumed to follow a power-law with an exponential cut-off, and we derive the different indices of the injected spectra for the tidal disruption of different types of stars. For the best fit to the spectrum of photons detected by HESS, the spectral index of the injected relativistic protons is about 2.05 when a red giant is tidally disrupted by the black hole of Sgr A* and the diffusion mechanism is the Effective Confinement of Protons.     

贵州大湾煤矿复杂地层井下定向钻进施工技术

针对大湾煤矿地区复杂煤层地质构造,采用前进式开分支孔布孔方法,用于探测煤层顶底板位置,精确探明煤层走向,为抽掘采提供依据,为后续工作做好前期准备。贵州大湾煤矿在历年瓦斯鉴定中均被定为瓦斯矿井,瓦斯孔施工采取普通钻进工艺时,会遇到钻进工作量大、孔深达不到要求、施钻轨迹无法精准控制、钻孔瓦斯浓度抽采率低等问题。采取顺层定向孔方法在已探明的煤层中施工长距离钻孔,可实现对复杂煤层远距离瓦斯抽采。现场试验表明：采用前进式开分支孔工艺,能够实现复杂煤层地质构造精确探顶,探明钻孔见煤段高达75%;通过优化钻孔设计与高精度控制钻孔轨迹大大增加了顺层定向孔在复杂煤层中的覆盖率,钻孔见煤段达63.7%,提高了瓦斯抽采效率,为巷道的抽掘采工作打好了基础。     

一起大直径深孔复杂事故处理实践

着重论述了一起大直径深孔卡埋钻复杂事故的处理,对事故发生过程和处理方法等作了详细的阐述,总结了一些经验和体会。     

大口径注氮孔施工工艺

瓦斯是煤炭安全生产的重大隐患之一,向煤层气中压注阻燃性强的氮气或液态氮来压挤瓦斯,再从钻孔抽采,能有效降低煤层中的瓦斯含量,提高煤炭生产的安全性。而注氮孔是连接地面和巷道并向煤层中压注氮气的通道,要求口径大,垂直度高,保护巷道不被破坏等等,这些都是钻探施工的难点。结合成功范例,论述了大口径注氮孔的施工工艺。     

浅析大吨位、超长孔深锚索钻孔孔斜控制

在大吨位、超长孔深锚索支护施工中,钻孔孔斜控制对预应力锚索锚固效果有着较大的影响,在分析了造孔孔斜成因的基础上提出了大孔深锚索钻孔孔斜的预防和控制处理措施。