Seismic Slip in the Lower Crust Inferred from Granulite-related Pseudotachylyte in the Woodroffe Thrust, Central Australia

Pseudotachylytes generated in granulite facies rocks are found in the Woodroffe thrust, central Australia. Petrologic evidence and structural and textural features show that these pseudotachylytes contain typical melting-origin features including injection occurrence, rounded and embayed clasts, and microlites within the fine-grained matrix, which formed contemporaneously with the wall granulite facies rocks under conditions of ~8 kbar and ~650–700°C. These granulite-related pseudotachylyte (G-Pt) veins are overprinted in subsequent deformation stages by three other types of pseudotachylytes including mylonite-related (M-Pt) and ultramylonite-related (Um-Pt) pseudotachylytes that are then transcut by cataclasite-related pseudotachylytes (C-Pt). The overprinting occurred following uplift of the lower crust where the G-Pt veins formed through the brittle-plastic transition zone where the M-Pt and Um-Pt veins occurred within the brittle-dominated regime of the C-Pt generation zone in the upper crust. The coexistence of multiple generations of large voluminous C-Pt, M-Pt, Um-Pt, and G-Pt veins indicates that numerous large earthquakes accompanying distinct seismic slip which produced the pseudotachylytes occurred over an extended period of seismicity and various depths of the crust within the Woodroffe thrust zone. The spatial distribution and structural features of the multiple-stage pseudotachylytes suggest that coseismic slipping caused by large earthquakes which nucleated in the brittle-dominated seismogenic zone propagated downward through the brittle-plastic transition zone into the plastic-dominated granulite facies depth from the upper to lower crust.     

Use of collision shear walls to minimize seismic separation and to protect adjacent buildings from collapse due to earthquake‐induced pounding

The use of collision shear walls (bumper‐type), acting transversely to the side subject to pounding, as a measure to minimize damage of reinforced concrete buildings in contact, is investigated using 5‐story building models. The buildings were designed according to the Greek anti‐seismic and reinforced concrete design codes. Owing to story height differences potential pounding in case of an earthquake will occur between floor slabs, a case specifically chosen because this is when pounding can turn out to be catastrophic. The investigation is carried out using nonlinear dynamic analyses for a real earthquake motion and also a simplified solution for a triangular dynamic force of short duration, comparable to the forces caused by pounding. For such analyses, nonlinear, prismatic beam–column elements are used and the effects of pounding are expressed in terms of changes in rotational ductility factors of the building elements. The local effects of pounding on the collision shear walls are investigated using a detailed nonlinear finite element model of the shear walls and results are expressed in terms of induced stresses. It is found that pounding will cause instantaneous acceleration pulses in the colliding buildings and will somewhat increase ductility demands in the members of the top floor, but all within tolerable limits. At the same time the collision walls will suffer repairable local damage at the points of contact, but will effectively protect both buildings from collapse, which could occur if columns were in the place of the walls. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling the composition of melts formed during continental breakup of the Southeast Greenland margin

We have developed a generic dynamic model of extension of the lithosphere, which predicts major element composition and volume of melt generated from initial extension to steady state seafloor spreading. Stokes equations for non-Newtonian flow are solved and the mantle melts by decompression. Strengthening of the mantle due to dehydration as melting progresses is included. The composition is then empirically related to depletion. Using a crystallisation algorithm, the predicted primary melt composition was compared with mean North Atlantic mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). At steady state, using half spreading rates from 10 to 20 mm yr^− 1 and mantle potential temperatures of 1300 to 1325 °C we predict a major element composition that is within the variation in the mean of North Atlantic MORB.

This model is applied to the Southeast Greenland margin, which has extensive coverage of seismic and ODP core data. These data have been interpreted to indicate an initial pulse of magmatism on rifting that rapidly decayed to leave oceanic crustal thickness of 8 to 11 km. This pattern of melt production can be recreated by introducing an initial hot layer of asthenosphere beneath the continental lithosphere and by having a period of fast spreading during early opening. The hot layer was convected through the melt region giving a pulse of high magnesian and low silica melt during the early rifting process. The predicted major element composition of primary melts generated are in close agreement with primary melts from the Southeast Greenland margin. The observed variations in major element composition are reproduced without a mantle source composition anomaly.     

大型地下厂房区域水害防治对策研究

位于四川省凉山州的锦屏二级水电站是雅砻江上水头最高、装机规模最大的水电站。作为整个工程的核心构成部分的尾部地下发电厂房位于雅砻江右岸“V”型河谷岸坡山体内,地下水渗流场相对复杂。为确保地下厂房开挖施工方便和洞室群稳定,基于“先阻后排、以排为主、高水自流、低水抽排、外不入内、安全可靠、留有余地”的新设计理念,提出了一个完整的锦屏二级水电站厂区防渗排水的水害防治方案。综合渗控条件下的厂区三维渗流场计算结果,并考虑了一定的安全储备,确定了厂区防渗排水系统的参数。洞室群开挖实践表明目前采用的设计方案是安全可靠的。     

夯击方式对强夯加固效果的影响

工程实践表明,“重锤低落距”和“轻锤高落距”的作用效果有较大差别。在考虑材料非线性、几何非线性、接触非线性、运动非线性以及它们之间相互耦合特性的基础上,利用显式瞬态非线性有限元分析技术分析了强夯夯锤对地基土的冲击碰撞过程,得到了土体的运动轨迹、夯锤与土体之间的最大撞击力、撞击持续时间、夯沉等结果,分析了不同夯击方式下的能量利用效率及土的物理力学指标对夯击方式的敏感性,结果表明“重锤低落距“优于”轻锤高落距”这一结论是有条件的。     

The behavior and the role of the anti-cyclonic eddy in the Kuroshio large meander development

The processes underlying the development of the Kuroshio large meanders that occurred in 1986 and 1989 are investigated using a satellite SST data set and hydrographic data. In both processes visible on the satellite SST images, a round-shaped, lower SST region with a diameter of about 200 km is found to the east of the Kuroshio small “trigger” meander (Solomon, 1978) until the region became extinguished near theEnshu Nada. The lower SST region can be interpreted as an anti cyclonic eddy, mainly because of the existence of a warm water mass in the subsurface layer of this region. The warm water mass is characterized by a constant temperature of 18–19°C, the maximum thickness of which is about 400 m. The satellite images show that the eddy is closely related to the Kuroshio path transforming into a shape like the letter “S”. This means that the eddy plays an important role in the development of the Kuroshio large meander since this, too, tends to follow an “S”-shaped path. Added to this, the subsurface layer structure of the eddy is similar to that of the warm water mass offShikoku. This similarity, together with the eddy behavior visible on the satellite SST images, implies that the examined eddy corresponds to the warm water mass offShikoku. In other words, the warm water mass offShikoku can be advected near to theEnshu Nada when the Kuroshio large meander occurs.     

Numerical Simulation of Wave Forces on Seabed Pipelines

A three-step finite element method(FEM)together with Large Eddy Simulation(LES)is ap-plied to incompressible turbulent flow around seabed pipelines at relatively high Reynolds numbers.Bothtwo-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical simulation is carried out to determine thethree-dimensional effect.The results of numerical simulation agree quite well with the wave forces actingon pipeline models measured in physical model test.     

与东秦岭超大型钼矿床有关的钾长石—石英条纹岩研究

东秦岭超大型钼矿带是世界上重要的钼矿带之一,带内分布着几个大型至超大型钼矿床。与这些大型－ 超大型钼矿床有关的岩体顶部都发育了钾长石石英条纹岩。钾长石石英条纹岩中钾长石富Ｓｉ,Ｋ,贫Ｎａ;其三斜度、有序度低。石英包裹体中Ｆ－ ,Ｋ＋高,ＣＯ／ＣＯ２ 低,缺少ＣＨ４,形成温度为４００℃～５００℃。氢氧同位素分析表明：δ１８ Ｏ＝ ９．０６×１０－ ３ ～１０．０３×１０－ ３ ,δＤ＝ － ５７．２２×１０－ ３ ～－ ７５．１０×１０－ ３ ,证明钾长石石英条纹岩的物质来自晚期岩浆热液。     

四川利君制衣综合大楼桩基方案选择及设计计算

根据建筑物地基的层位关系,土性和力学特征暨上部建筑的结构受力特点,并考虑了造价和施工方法,在对大直径冲击钻孔施工和其它方法进行了分析对比的基础上,论述了选择大直径冲孔灌注方案的依据及该类典型摩擦端承桩的设计计算方法 。     

岚山港化工码头薄壁大圆筒预制质量监控

介绍了岚山港化工码头大圆筒预制的质量控制过程及解决措施,认为在监理工作中必须坚持全过程质量控制,以预防为主,以实测数据为准则,严格监理,热情服务,并施实施工质量自监,资质与进场队伍双重审查,以全面提高监督理水平。