Comprehensive Marine Observing Experiment Based on High-Altitude Large Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(South China Sea Experiment2020 of the “Petrel Project”)

In collaboration with 12 other institutions, the Meteorological Observation Center of the China Meteorological Administration undertook a comprehensive marine observation experiment in the South China Sea using the Yilong-10 high-altitude large unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV). The Yilong-10 UAV carried a self-developed dropsonde system and a millimeter-wave cloud radar system. In addition, a solar-powered unmanned surface vessel and two drifting buoys were used. The experiment was further supported by an intelligent, reciprocating horizontal drifting radiosonde system that was deployed from the Sansha Meteorological Observing Station, with the intent of producing a stereoscopic observation over the South China Sea. Comprehensive three-dimensional observations were collected using the system from 31 July to2 August, 2020. This information was used to investigate the formation and development processes of Typhoon Sinlaku(2020). The data contain measurements of 21 oceanic and meteorological parameters acquired by the five devices, along with video footage from the UAV. The data proved very helpful in determining the actual location and intensity of Typhoon Sinlaku(2020). The experiment demonstrates the feasibility of using a high-altitude, large UAV to fill in the gaps between operational meteorological observations of marine areas and typhoons near China, and marks a milestone for the use of such data for analyzing the structure and impact of a typhoon in the South China Sea. It also demonstrates the potential for establishing operational UAV meteorological observing systems in the future, and the assimilation of such data into numerical weather prediction models.     

Estimation of turbulent sensible heat and momentum fluxes over a heterogeneous urban area using a large aperture scintillometer

The accurate determination of surface-layer turbulent fluxes over urban areas is critical to understanding urban boundary layer (UBL) evolution. In this study, a remote-sensing technique using a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) was investigated to estimate surface-layer turbulent fluxes over a highly heterogeneous urban area. The LAS system, with an optical path length of 2.1 km, was deployed in an urban area characterized by a complicated land-use mix (residential houses, water body, bare ground, etc.). The turbulent sensible heat (Q H) and momentum fluxes (τ) were estimated from the scintillation measurements obtained from the LAS system during the cold season. Three-dimensional LAS footprint modeling was introduced to identify the source areas ("footprint") of the estimated turbulent fluxes. The analysis results showed that the LAS-derived turbulent fluxes for the highly heterogeneous urban area revealed reasonable temporal variation during daytime on clear days, in comparison to the land-surface process-resolving numerical modeling. A series of sensitivity tests indicated that the overall uncertainty in the LAS-derived daytime Q H was within 20%-30% in terms of the influence of input parameters and the non-dimensional similarity function for the temperature structure function parameter, while the estimation errors in τ were less sensitive to the factors of influence, except aerodynamic roughness length. The 3D LAS footprint modeling characterized the source areas of the LAS-derived turbulent fluxes in the heterogeneous urban area, revealing that the representative spatial scales of the LAS system deployed with the 2.1 km optical path distance ranged from 0.2 to 2 km2 (a "micro-α scale"), depending on local meteorological conditions.     

一次罕见大冰雹天气的新一代天气雷达回波分析

利用常规资料和多普勒雷达资料,分析了2011年6月24日洛阳嵩县冰雹天气过程。结果表明：高空横槽转竖,干冷空气入侵,中低层强的偏东风辐合,暖湿气流辐合上升,为冰雹的发生提供了有利的动力和水汽条件;高空冷平流,低层暖平流,为强对流性天气的发生提供了不稳定层结;适宜于冰雹生成发展的0℃层高度,指示有利于对流发展的各类指数,为冰雹的分析预报提供了较好的依据;早期的雷达回波信号及其所带来的天气,为提前对强对流天气性质正确判断和监测预警提供了较好的参考信息;强度〉55dBz的回波高度高于-20℃层高度,VIL值〉60kg／m^2,回波顶高〉12km,有中气旋出现等,是降雹的可靠信号。     

大采深岩移观测阶段性分析

为探 讨大 采 深 (780m )的 开采 沉 陷 规 律 ,在 5074工 作 面 上 方 建 立 孟 佃 大 寨 岩 移 观 测 站 ,对 观 测 成 果 的 分 析 ,得 到 如 下结 论 :①大 采 深 开 采情 况 下, 地表 移 动 的 活跃 期( 《规程 》规定 判 断) 存 在 ;或 者 说 地 表 移 动 活 跃 期 的 下 沉 按不速 度小 于 50m m / 月;②随 着 开采 深度 的 加 大 ,地 表 移动 期 推 迟 ,对 地 面 建筑 物 的 破 坏也 比 较 迟 缓;③大 采深 单 一 煤 层的 非充 分 采动 ,地 面建 筑 物受 损程 度 很小 。     

浅谈北京规划市区1:500地形图数字化测绘

地形图为国民经济建设和社会各行各业的发展提供测绘保障,它是城市规划设计、市政工程建设、工业与民用建筑、土地开发利用、防灾减灾等各方面的基础数据之一。本文结合北京城市基础测绘工作,以《BSCS G2000》测图软件为例,简述大比例尺数字化地形图的作业流程,地形要素取舍及检查验收工作。     

基于浮游植物功能类群的广东省大型水库生态分区初探

2012年1月和7月通过对广东省境内10座供水水库进行水生态调查,采集48个站点的浮游植物样品,对其进行浮游植物功能类群的划分及聚类分析.调查区共鉴定出8门104属207种浮游植物,主要分属于30个功能类群.聚类分析将这10座水库聚合为4个类型区,第一生态类型区包括南水和新丰江水库,以适应低营养环境的功能类群为主;第二生态类型区包括飞来峡、白盆珠和新丰江水库,主要以中营养型和广谱型为优势功能类群;第三生态类型区和第四生态类型区包括高州、公平、大水桥、鹤地和汤溪水库,其中高州和公平水库主要以富营养型和广谱型为优势功能类群,其它水库则以适应富营养环境的功能类群为绝对优势类群.上述4个类型区浮游植物优势功能类群差异较大,且与水质营养状态有良好的响应关系.     

RTK在大比例尺地形图航测数字化测图中的应用

结合某开发区1：2000地形图航测数字化测图工程，探讨了采用GPSRTK的自由基站二步法拟合方式测量航外像控点（平高点），实施大比例尺地形图野外检测的可行性。对比测量实验表明，该方式在像控点要求的特定位置不仅能保证平面精度，也可以保证高程精度；与常规的RTK相比，该方式具有基站设置位置灵活、不需单独提前解算基准转换参数，以及显著提高工效等优点。     

无人机技术在海岛测绘中的应用

为提高海岛测绘的技术手段,将无人机引入海岛地形调查中,以Swallow-P小型固定翼无人机开展惠州市大亚湾虎洲海岛大比例尺测图为例,系统归纳了无人机外业数据采集与内业数据处理的具体流程,并制作了DEM和DOM成果;经过实测地面点精度分析得出虎洲无人机大比例尺测图成果平面位置中误差和高程中误差符合1∶1000测图精度要求。     

A Study of Shallow Cumulus Cloud Droplet Dispersion by Large Eddy Simulations

Cloud droplet dispersion is an important parameter in estimating aerosol indirect effect on climate in general circulation models (GCMs). This study investigates droplet dispersion in shallow cumulus clouds under different aerosol conditions using three-dimensional large eddy simulations (LES). It is found that cloud droplet mean radius, standard deviation, and relative dispersion generally decrease as aerosol mixing ratio increases from 25 mg⁻¹ (clean case) to 100 mg⁻¹ (moderate case), and to 2000 mg⁻¹ (polluted case). Under all the three simulated aerosol conditions, cloud droplet mean radius and standard deviation increase with height. However, droplet relative dispersion increases with height only in the polluted case, and does not vary with height in the clean and moderate cases.     

不同类型大尺度环流背景下强对流天气的短时临近预报预警研究

利用常规气象资料、自动站资料、卫星资料、NCEP再分析资料,对2001—2010年安徽省强对流天气过程的物理机制、中尺度特征进行分析。结果表明：强对流天气其发生发展和一定的大尺度环流背景场有关,强对流发生的天气学条件即：丰富水汽、不稳定层结、抬升触发机制或强上升运动,强烈发展的强风暴常有逆温层、强的风垂直切变、中层干冷空气等有利条件。然而,这些条件在不同的大尺度环流背景下各要素的重要性不尽相同,产生的强对流天气类型也不相同。冷涡槽后类对流不稳定表现在中低层温度直减率大;风垂直切变强,风随高度强烈顺转,400～500 hPa有西风急流存在,且与强对流天气的发生区域紧密相关;存在明显的中尺度低压和辐合线、干线;主要造成雷雨大风和冰雹天气。槽前类通常对流不稳定能量较大,中低层有急流存在,风速水平切变和垂直切变大;快速东移的短波槽是触发强对流天气的主要机制;低层水汽条件较好;主要导致雷雨大风、短时强降水和龙卷天气。通过对不同类型大尺度环流背景下强对流天气各天气要素和物理量统计,提取环境场消空指标,明显提高了基于多普勒雷达反射率因子和平均径向速度的龙卷识别和预警水平。对比分析了2010年7月19—20日发生在副高边缘槽前类和在东北冷涡形势下的2009年6月3日、5日、14日在黄淮和江淮地区分别产生飑线并造成大范围雷雨大风、冰雹等强对流天气产生的物理机制、中尺度特征差异,提高对不同类型大尺度环流背景下强对流天气的短时、临近预报水平。