狭陡型泥石流成灾特征与防治对策研究——以阿坝州金川县刘家沟泥石流为例

刘家沟位于四川省阿坝州金川县,是一条狭陡型高频泥石流沟,每年雨季,降雨激发泥石流灾害链。本文在野外调查和实地勘测的基础上,分析认为,受汶川MS8.0地震扰动,刘家沟形成流通区单位面积上松散固体物质达98.11×10⁴ m³,在409.8‰的平均纵坡降下,泥石流活动频率明显增强,泥石流沿程放大效应明显,最终形成了降雨+径流侵蚀-滑坡-堰塞体-堰塞体溃决-增大的泥石流-堵河形成堰塞湖-卡撒沟中、下游损害的灾害链。提出采用格宾石笼进行固坡护床,结合拦挡坝拦粗排细的作用,根据保护对象设置防护堤,优化排导槽与主河交汇条件的综合治理措施,可为小流域高频狭陡型泥石流灾害的治理提供参考。     

多年冻土区L型挡墙水平冻胀效应计算方法与分析

针对多年冻土区L型挡墙设计中水平冻胀力计算方法不完善的问题,基于利夫金地基模型及挡墙?土体之间的协同变形原理,分别建立了墙后有无换填土两种情况下的L型挡墙水平冻胀效应计算模型,利用叠加原理及有限差分法对所提出的计算模型进行了求解,并依托MATLAB自行编制了水?热?力耦合分析软件。结合工程实例,应用提出的L型挡墙水平冻胀效应计算方法得到的水平冻胀力值分别与现场实测值、修正土压力值、规范经验值及水?热?力耦合软件模拟值进行对比分析,结果表明：提出L型挡墙水平冻胀效应计算方法得到的水平冻胀力值与现场实测值及数值模拟值在大体趋势上吻合较好,修正土压力值、规范经验值低估了水平冻胀力对挡墙的作用;相比规范经验值及现场实测值,提出的L型挡墙水平冻胀效应计算方法得到的水平冻胀力沿墙高呈抛物线和梯形两种分布模式,更具有普遍性;通过多场耦合分析可知,所提出L型挡墙水平冻胀效应计算方法与水?热?力耦合方法得到冻胀力趋势相似,表明了计算方法的可行性,可为多年冻土区L型挡墙设计提供一定的理论支持和指导。     

刚性挡墙后非饱和土破坏模式及主动土压力计算

目前主动土压力计算方法多仅针对土体处于饱和或干燥状态,忽略了其从非饱和到局部饱和,或饱和到非饱和的渐变过程,进而导致计算结果失真。鉴于此,首先开展了一系列刚性挡墙非饱和砂土主动土压力模型试验,揭示了墙后土体的破坏规律：（1）墙后土体顶部出现了近似竖直裂缝,且其发展深度随墙面粗糙度和含水率的增加而变大;（2）墙土界面摩擦对塑性区形状影响较小,且在挡墙移动过程中,墙后土体塑性区形状始终近似保持为平面。在试验基础上,引入广义有效应力原理,基于极限平衡分析建立了考虑吸应力效应的非饱和土主动土压力计算方法,理论与试验实测值表明,所提方法相比其他方法,更接近于试验值。分析了各主要因素对非饱和土压力分布规律的影响,结果表明：主动土压力随有效内摩擦角值增加而减少,而界面摩擦角对其分布影响较小;相比于无吸力情况,考虑吸力时主动土压力更小;随着进气值增加,吸应力对主动土压力的贡献减少,最终趋于恒定。     

大定源瞬变电磁一维自适应正则化反演

自适应正则化反演对初始模型要求较低,直接对瞬变电磁响应数据进行反演。正则化因子通过计算每次迭代的数据目标函数和模型目标函数自适应的得到,从而快速获得地下的地电结构。本文采用自适应正则化反演算法对大定源回线瞬变电磁一维层状模型进行反演,使用均匀半空间作为初始模型,首次采用模型对深度的二阶导数极小的模型约束,通过典型理论模型的反演计算,证明了TEM自适应正则化一维反演算法拟合效果好、精度高,由于不用反复搜索正则化因子,并且收敛速度快,体现了良好的稳定性和可靠性。     

金华山煤矿大口径瓦斯抽排孔施工技术

为了减少煤矿瓦斯的危害以及对其综合利用,国家鼓励并大力支持大口径瓦斯抽排孔项目的建设。陕西铜川金华山煤矿一口大口径瓦斯抽排孔,孔径850 mm,终孔深度401.6 m。从钻进方法、钻具级配、钻进技术参数、冲洗液、圆孔、溜孔、井底护管安装固结、充填循环泥浆、下管、固管、透孔放水等方面详细地介绍了大口径瓦斯抽排孔小径透巷后的特殊施工工艺和相关的技术措施。     

豫西矿集区幔枝构造约束下的小岩体成大矿

文章通过分析豫西地区的大量地质矿产资料后发现,区内存在"小岩体成大矿"的规律。认为豫西地区自燕山期以来,随着地幔热柱的演化,区内地壳运动转为伸展活动,地壳减薄、地幔不均衡上隆和中酸性岩浆脉动式上侵;中酸性岩浆脉动式上侵过程打通了深部成矿物质上升的通道,使得含矿流体能够到达地壳上部,并在幔枝构造外围主次级拆离带、岩体内外接触带、构造裂隙等适宜部位集聚成矿。     

RTK工程放样方法在大比例尺数字测图中的应用

结合工程实例,对在空旷平坦的地块进行大比例尺数字测图时,利用RTK技术进行细部地物测量,辅以工程放样的方法测量地形点,并对测图作业的方法进行了探讨。     

Upstairs-downstairs: supercontinents and large igneous provinces,are they related?

There is a correlation of global large igneous province (LIP) events with zircon age peaks at 2700, 2500, 2100, 1900, 1750, 1100, and 600 and also probably at 3450, 3000, 2000, and 300 Ma. Power spectral analyses of LIP event distributions suggest important periodicities at 250, 150, 100, 50, and 25 million years with weaker periodicities at 70–80, 45, and 18–20 Ma. The 25 million year periodicity is important only in the last 300 million years. Some LIP events are associated with granite-forming (zircon-producing) events and others are not, and LIP events at 1900 and 600 Ma correlate with peaks in craton collision frequency. LIP age peaks are associated with supercontinent rifting or breakup, but not dispersal, at 2450–2400, 2200, 1380, 1280, 800–750, and ≤200 Ma, and with supercontinent assembly at 1750 and 600 Ma. LIP peaks at 2700 and 2500 Ma and the valley between these peaks span the time of Neoarchaean supercraton assemblies. These observations are consistent with plume generation in the deep mantle operating independently of the supercontinent cycle and being controlled by lower-mantle and core-mantle boundary thermochemical dynamics. Two processes whereby plumes can impact continental assembly and breakup are (1) plumes may rise beneath supercontinents and initiate supercontinent breakup, and (2) plume ascent may increase the frequency of craton collisions and the rate of crustal growth by accelerating subduction.     

某大型厂房地面垂直形变监测

结合西北地区黄土塬上某大型厂房地面垂直形变的监测工作,提出和应用选定在具有代表性的监测区域布点、改进标尺进行观测等一系列行之有效的方法和措施,取得了满意的结果。通过监测数据分析,指出型架的不稳定主要是因为温度变化而导致地面不均匀垂直形变引起的,为厂房地面不均匀垂直形变的治理提供了依据。     

A numerical study of flexural buckling of foliated rock slopes

The occurrence of foliated rock masses is common in mining environment. Methods employing continuum approximation in describing the deformation of such rock masses possess a clear advantage over methods where each rock layer and each inter‐layer interface (joint) is explicitly modelled. In devising such a continuum model it is imperative that moment (couple) stresses and internal rotations associated with the bending of the rock layers be properly incorporated in the model formulation. Such an approach will lead to a Cosserat‐type theory. In the present model, the behaviour of the intact rock layer is assumed to be linearly elastic and the joints are assumed to be elastic–perfectly plastic. Condition of slip at the interfaces are determined by a Mohr–Coulomb criterion with tension cut off at zero normal stress. The theory is valid for large deformations. The model is incorporated into the finite element program AFENA and validated against an analytical solution of elementary buckling problems of a layered medium under gravity loading. A design chart suitable for assessing the stability of slopes in foliated rock masses against flexural buckling failure has been developed. The design chart is easy to use and provides a quick estimate of critical loading factors for slopes in foliated rock masses. It is shown that the model based on Euler's buckling theory as proposed by Cavers (Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 1981; 14 :87–104) substantially overestimates the critical heights for a vertical slope and underestimates the same for sub‐vertical slopes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.