Bifurcation and second‐order work in geomaterials

In this paper, the ability of a material rate‐independent system to evolve toward another mechanical state from an equilibrium configuration, with no change in the control parameters, is investigated. From a mechanical point of view, this means that the system can spontaneously develop kinetic energy with no external disturbance from an equilibrium state, which corresponds to a particular case of bifurcation. The existence of both conjugate incremental strain and stress such that the second‐order work vanishes is established as a necessary and sufficient condition for the appearance of this bifurcation phenomenon. It is proved that this fundamental result is independent of the constitutive relation of the rate‐independent material considered. Then the case of homogeneous loading paths is investigated, and, as an illustration, the subsequent results are applied to interpret the well‐known liquefaction observed under isochoric triaxial loading conditions with loose granular materials. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Meander hydrodynamics initiated by river restoration deflectors

River restoration projects have installed j‐hook deflectors along the outer bank of meander bends to reduce hydraulic erosion, and in this study we use a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to document how these deflectors initiate changes in meander hydrodynamics. We validated the CFD with streamwise and cross‐channel bankfull velocities from a 193° meander bend flume (inlet at 0°) with a fixed point bar and pool equilibrium bed but no j‐hooks, and then used the CFD to simulate changes to flow initiated by bank‐attached boulder j‐hooks (1^st attached at 70°, then a 2^nd at 160°). At bankfull and half bankfull flow the j‐hooks flattened transverse water surface slopes, formed backwater pools upstream of the boulders, and steepened longitudinal water slopes across the boulders and in the conveyance region off the mid‐channel boulder tip. Streamwise velocity and mass transport jets upstream of the j‐hooks were stilled, mid‐channel jets were initiated in the conveyance region, eddies with a cross‐channel axis formed below boulders, and eddies with a vertical axis were shed into wake zones downstream of the point bar and outer bank boulders. At half bankfull depth conveyance region flow cut toward the outer bank downstream of the j‐hook boulders and the secondary circulation cells were reshaped. At bankfull depth the j‐hook at 160° was needed to redirect bank‐impinging flow sent by the upstream j‐hook. The hooked boulder tip of both j‐hooks funneled surface flow into mid‐channel plunging jets, which reversed the secondary circulation cells and initiated 1 to 3 counter rotating cells through the entire meander. The main outer bank collision zone centered at 50° without the j‐hook was moved by the j‐hook to within and just beyond the 70° j‐hook boulder region, which displaced other mass transport zones downstream. J‐hooks re‐organized water surface slopes, streamwise and cross‐channel velocities, and mass transport patterns, to move shear stress from the outer bank and into the conveyance and mid‐channel zones at bankfull flow. At half bankfull flows a patch of high shear re‐attached to the outer bank below the downstream j‐hook. J‐hook geometry and placement within natural meanders can be analyzed with CFD models to help restoration teams reach design goals and understand hydraulic impacts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DNA barcode assessment of Ceramiales (Rhodophyta) in the intertidal zone of the northwestern Yellow Sea

A total of 142 specimens of Ceramiales(Rhodophyta) were collected each month from October 2011 to November 2012 in the intertidal zone of the northwestern Yellow Sea. These specimens covered 21 species,14 genera,and four families. Cluster analyses show that the specimens had a high diversity for the three DNA markers,namely,partial large subunit r RNA gene(LSU),universal plastid amplicon(UPA),and partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene(COI). No intraspecific divergence was found in our collection for these markers,except for a 1–3 bp divergence in the COI of Ceramium kondoi,Symphyocladia latiuscula,and Neosiphonia japonica. Because short DNA markers were used,the phylogenetic relationships of higher taxonomic levels were hard to evaluate with poor branch support. More than half species of our collection failed to find their matched sequences owing to shortage information of DNA barcodes for macroalgae in Gen Bank or BOLD(Barcode of Life Data) Systems. Three specimens were presumed as H eterosiphonia crispella by cluster analyses on DNA barcodes assisted by morphological identification,which was the first record in the investigated area,implying that it might be a cryptic or invasive species in the coastal area of northwestern Yellow Sea. In the neighbor-joining trees of all three DNA markers,H eterosiphonia japonica converged with D asya spp. and was distant from the other Heterosiphonia spp.,implying that H. japonica had affinities to the genus Dasya. The LSU and UPA markers amplified and sequenced easier than the COI marker across the Ceramiales species,but the COI had a higher ability to discriminate between species.     

三山岛北部海域金矿勘查工作思路与实践

三山岛北部海域金矿床位于胶东西北部三山岛成矿带之中,为一严格受断裂构造控矿的超大型破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床。矿体全部赋存于滨海海域,具有规模大、延伸稳定、有用物质分布较均匀的特点。作为国家级首批整装勘查区的一部分,尤其是首次在浅海海域进行深部勘查,该区勘查工作受到了多方重视、关注和支持,在1年的时间里完成了主要靶区的详查工作。它首开我国浅海海域金矿勘查的先河,是在综合分析研究矿田成矿背景与找矿潜力的基础上开展的一次系统的、由预查开始直接完成详查的勘查活动,具有周期短、规模大、成果丰、效果好的特点,对我国以后海域固体矿产勘查工作具有一定的借鉴意义。     

利用众源地理数据快速测制大比例尺军事地形图

针对特战实训演练中大比例尺军事地形图数据不足、现势性较差的问题,从特战用图需求出发,基于众源地理数据提出了一种快速、高效、经济、准确的大比例尺军事地形图测制方法。首先,介绍了众源地理数据的概念和特点,研究了众源地理数据的来源和获取方法。然后,在顾及军事地形图与民用地形图之间制图表达的差异后,设计了利用众源地理数据绘制大比例尺军事地形图的工艺流程。最后,基于ArcMap,绘制了某地1∶1万军事地形图并进行实验验证和精度分析。实验结果表明,该方法既可有效提高作业效率,又能满足成图精度要求,可为军事教学训练、指挥员用图决策提供重要参考。     

Primordial non-Gaussianity from LAMOST surveys

The primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG) in the matter density perturbation is a very powerful probe of the physics of the very early Universe. The local PNG can induce a distinct scale-dependent bias on the large scale structure distribution of galaxies and quasars, which could be used for constraining it. We study the detection limits of PNG from the surveys of the LAMOST telescope. The cases of the main galaxy survey, the luminous red galaxy (LRG) survey, and the quasar survey of dif- ferent magnitude limits...     

Capturing temporal variability for estimates of annual hydrochemical export from a first‐order agricultural catchment in southern Ontario,Canada

This 2‐year study (2000, 2001) reports annual nutrient (phosphorus, nitrate) export from a first‐order agricultural watershed in southern Ontario based on an intensive monitoring programme. The importance of storm and melt events in annual export estimates is demonstrated and the temporal variability in nutrient loading during events is related to processes occurring within the catchment. The feasibility of predicting event‐related nutrient export from hydrometric data is explored. The importance of sampling frequency throughout events is also shown. Export of total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and nitrate ( ) for 2000 and 2001 averaged 0·35 kg ha^?1 year^?1, 0·09 kg ha^?1 year^?1, and 35 kg ha^?1 year^?1 (as N) respectively. Approximately 75% of annual TP export, 80% of annual SRP export and 70% of annual export occurred during 28 events per year. A small number of large‐magnitude events (>34 mm) accounted for 18–42% of annual TP export, 0–61% of annual SRP export and 13–33% of annual NO export. Our results show that temporal variability in nutrient export is largely governed by discharge in this basin, and export can be predicted from discharge. SRP and TP export can also be predicted from discharge, but only for events that are not large in magnitude. The sampling interval throughout events is important in obtaining precise estimates of nutrient export, as infrequent sampling intervals may over‐ or under‐estimate nutrient export by ± 45% per event for P. This study improves our understanding of and P export patterns and our ability to predict or model them by relating temporal variability in event nutrient export to discharge and processes occurring within the basin, and also by exploring the significance of sampling interval in the context of the importance of individual events, season and temporal variability during events. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大断面小净距大帽山隧道现场监控量测及分析

结合大帽山隧道的工程实践,通过围岩内部位移、拱顶沉降、围岩压力和锚杆应力的现场监控量测工作,研究复杂地质条件下大断面小净距隧道双侧壁导坑法施工时围岩的稳定性。阐明分导洞开挖时围岩内部位移的变化趋势、特点及位移场,相邻导洞施工时的相互影响,围岩与支护结构间的相互调整变形机制,拱顶沉降捕捉的变形小于围岩实际变形的原因,支护结构的压力和锚杆应力状态及其与围岩位移的变化关系。监测结果表明,大断面小净距隧道Ⅴ级围岩段的破碎带采用现有的施工工艺和支护参数是可行的,围岩变形可控,支护结构的支护效果显著,围岩基本稳定。研究的方法、分析和结论可为类似条件下隧道工程的设计、施工、监测和进一步的理论研究提供参考和借鉴。     

高应变法在判定大直径灌注桩缺陷中的应用

测试数据准确可靠的高应变法检测,能够定量分析基桩缺陷,准确判定缺陷位置。通过工程桩的低应变法和高应变法对桩身完整性判定分析的工程实例,结合钻芯法验证,总结高应变法在不同情况下对桩身完整性的评定。     

大直径钻孔扩底灌注桩施工实践

详细介绍了大直径钻孔扩底灌注桩的施工方法,结合工程实例,分析了该工程的主要特点,论述了采取的主要技术措施。