马卡山不同植被群落下非饱和带大孔隙流路径示踪试验

为辨识在天然降雨条件下,植被发育斜坡非饱和带中具有优先流效应的大孔隙流路径,不包括死端大孔隙,分析两种植被群落下非饱和带大孔隙流路径分布模式差异及植被根系、有机质含量、土壤颗粒尺寸分布对大孔隙流路径分布模式的影响;选择亚甲基蓝作为染色示踪剂,结合降雨入渗模拟试验,在马卡山草本植被群落斜坡和木本植被群落斜坡开展染色示踪渗透试验。基于垂直开挖剖面采用图像处理技术获得大孔隙流路径分布模式图像。采用非参数检验分析大孔隙流路径差异。采用差方分析、回归分析法分析根系质量分数、有机质含量和颗粒尺寸分布对大孔隙流路径分布模式的影响。结果显示：木本植被群落斜坡大孔隙流路径分布模式更复杂,尺度更大;根系显著影响大孔隙流路径数量、尺度和分布特征,尤其是垂直向下和顺坡向下的根系,当根系尺寸增大时,其对大孔隙流路径影响更显著;有机质有利于团聚体间大孔隙的形成;黏粒、粉粒和砂粒对大孔隙流路径形成没有积极功效,但砾粒有利于大孔隙路径形成,尤其是在表土层;根-土界面和砾-土界面也是重要的大孔隙流路径。研究表明,可以通过根系分布形态、规模,有机质含量和砾粒含量综合评价植被发育斜坡大孔隙流路径分布模式。     

诱发区域性滑坡的降雨阈值

根据降雨预测区域性滑坡是防止滑坡造成人员伤亡的重要途径,其关键是确定诱发滑坡的降雨阈值。按特定地质气象条件分区整理并分析了国内不同地区诱发区域性滑坡的降雨阈值,结果表明降雨阈值与年均降雨量有较大的相关性。除西南部分地区外,我国大部分地区的预报24 h降雨量阈值为年均降雨量(MAP)的0.04~0.08倍,这是因为年均降雨量反映了地区的常规降雨水平,而只有发生非常规的降雨才会诱发滑坡,因而年均降雨量越大对应的降雨阈值越大。分析了目前国内的降雨阈值的确定过程中缺乏详尽数据和论证等问题,并指出了国内的降雨阈值不能反映短时强降雨影响的缺陷。针对国内还没有适用性更广的雨强-持时(I-D)阈值曲线的现状,尝试性地建立了鄂西地区的I-D阈值曲线I=4.0D^-0.51,并在此过程中提出了确定降雨持时D开始时刻的方法。     

浙江地区引发滑坡的降雨强度-历时关系

由于独特的地理位置,复杂的地质、地形和气候背景,浙江成为中国降雨型滑坡（土体和岩体滑动,也包括泥石流和崩塌等）最频发的地区之一。为评价浙江地区的滑坡灾害,本文对该地区1990年至2003年雨量站记录的降雨数据进行了详细分析,确定了引发土体滑坡-泥石流的降雨强度―历时下限。     

Embedding a Geographic Information System in a Decision Support System for Landslide Hazard Monitoring

In this paper we present an application that exploitsa geographic information system as a front-end of acomplex information system supporting the managementof landslide hazard in Valtellina, an alpine valley inNorthern Italy.A decision support system (EYDENET, operational sinceOctober 1996), incorporating a geographic informationsystem and a data interpreter based on artificialintelligence techniques, processes the readings of the250 most significant instruments of a monitoring netof about 1000 sensors installed on differentlandslides in several alpine valleys.Data gathered by extensometers, clinometers andpluviometers, to check both movements of rocks andclimatic conditions which could affect them, areprocessed by EYDENET, that provides on-lineinterpretation of data, helps the users analyse them,and generates natural language explanations and alarmmessages for the people responsible for theenvironmental management and the civil protection.     

川西鲜水河断裂带地质灾害发育特征与典型滑坡形成机理

在对川滇地块鲜水河断裂活动习性、地质灾害发育特征、典型地质灾害实例和稳定性等分析的基础上,探讨了鲜水河断裂带地质灾害的发育特征与大型滑坡形成机理。认为鲜水河断裂对该区内地质灾害有明显的控制作用:1断裂带内岩体结构破碎程度高,导致滑坡沿断裂带呈带状分布,约32.5%的地质灾害发育于距断裂带0.5km范围内,19.77%的地质灾害发育于距断裂带0.5~1.0km内,15.22%的地质灾害发育于距断裂带1.0~1.5km内,滑坡的滑动方向多垂直于断裂走向;2八美"土石林"是在断裂活动作用下形成的碎裂岩体,该类岩体力学强度低,稳定性差,滑坡灾害发育密度大;3断裂带内地震滑坡发育,在强震作用下形成的部分滑坡滑动彻底,现今稳定性较好;在地震作用下部分滑坡处于裂而未滑状态,在适当的外力作用下可发生失稳滑动;4断裂带穿越的斜坡或古地震滑坡,在断裂持续活动作用下,稳定性差并多次发生活动;5强降雨在一定程度上加速了断裂带坡体变形和地质灾害的发生频率。     

炎陵山滑坡群成因分析

炎陵山滑坡群均为土质滑坡，控滑结构面主要为土/岩接触面，原始坡角15°～35°，单个滑体规模为中型和小型，均为强降雨诱发。变形迹象以多级弧型裂缝为主，侧向剪切裂缝亦较发育，滑动大多由坡角向上发展，呈连锁反应。     

泰国的环境地质:规划和战略

本文介绍了泰国矿产资源部在环境地质学领域的活动和目标。环境地质学的研究对于泰国来说仍然是新问题。目前的规划包括：区划中的环境地质、地震灾害、洪水／滑坡、海岸带管理和地质遗迹保护。该部的环境地质处是相关行政管理单位。技术工作和有关文件资料均集中研究公众关心的各种与环境有关问题，以及将地质资料与土地使用规划和土地开发相结合。     

地震滑坡编目图误差分析

地震滑坡编目是地震滑坡区域研究的基础。近年来,单次地震事件后的地震滑坡编目工作成果多有出现,然而,地震滑坡编目误差分析,尤其是滑坡的面积与体积误差分析研究却是一项空白。本文提出了一种基于遥感影像空间分辨率的地震滑坡编目误差分析方法,并分别对2010年4月14日玉树Mw69级地震触发的2036处滑坡、2010年1月12日海地Mw70级地震触发的30828处滑坡、2008年5月12日汶川Mw79级地震触发的197481处滑坡编目图进行误差分析。结果表明玉树地震滑坡面积为1191 km2,误差范围是1153 ~1229 km2（9681%~10319%）,体积为2012×106m3,误差范围是1947×106~2078×106m3（9677%~10328%）;海地地震滑坡面积为15743km2,误差范围是15118 ~16368 km2（9603%~10397%）,体积为29698×106m3,误差范围是28594×106~30821×106m3（9628%~10378%）;汶川地震滑坡面积为1160025km2,误差范围是1072258 ~1248424km2（9243%~10762%）,体积为4693159×106m3,误差范围是4372957×106~5033739×106m3（9318%~10726%）。遥感影像分辨率与滑坡编目误差的关系分析表明不同分辨率遥感影像对地震滑坡编目图误差有明显影响,地震滑坡强频分布与滑坡编目误差的关系分析表明滑坡规模对地震滑坡编目图误差也有明显影响。该地震滑坡编目图误差分析方法可以推广应用于更多的地震滑坡事件。     

Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life

Earthquake-triggered landslides are a major geological hazard in Central Asia. In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait earthquake triggered many hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the Tien Shan Mountains, central Tajikistan. These landslides involved widespread rock-slope failure as well as large numbers of flowslides in loess that mantles the steep slopes of the region. In the Yasman valley hundreds of loess landslides coalesced to form a massive loess flow (est. vol. 245 Mm³) that travelled up to 20 km on a slope of only 2°. In an adjacent valley, the Khait landslide involved transformation of an earthquake-triggered rockslide into a very rapid flow by the entrainment of saturated loess into its movement. It travelled 7.41 km over a vertical distance of 1421 m with an estimated average velocity of ~30 m/s. We estimate its volume as 75 Mm³, an order of magnitude less that previously published estimates. The Khait landslide was simulated using DAN. The number of casualties due to earthquake-triggered landslides in the epicentral region was considerable. Approximately 4000 people were killed in the Yasman valley loess flow as 20 villages (kishlaks) were overwhelmed. In the Khait landslide alone we estimate ca. 800 people lost their lives when the villages of Khait and Khisorak were overrun by rapidly moving debris. Our data indicates that a total of approximately 7200 people were killed by earthquake-triggered landslides in the epicentral region of the Khait earthquake and that, in terms of loss of life, the 1949 Yasman valley loess flow was one of the most destructive landslides in recent history.     

On the behaviour of liquefied soil

Engineering mechanics of liquefied soil is presented. Firstly, experimental methods and their results are described in order to show that liquefied soil can be approximated as a viscous fluid. The experiments proposed allow for determination of dynamic viscosity of liquefied soil, which is of the order of 10⁶ Ns/m². This value agrees with some theoretical estimates. Then, the model of viscous fluid is applied to practically important problems, in order to predict sinking of structures in liquefied subsoil, and to describe underwater flows of seabed. Enclosed examples show that the model and methods proposed lead to realistic results and, therefore, can be applied in engineering calculations.