传统聚落景观基因信息图谱单元研究

结合聚落景观基因学说,从建立我国传统聚落景观群系的信息图谱角度分析了传统聚落景观文化基因的特点,并提出景观文化基因信息单元的概念,探讨其提取方法;建立了聚落景观基因信息图谱的图谱单元模型并分析其表现方法.结合理论研究成果,设计了信息图谱的原型系统并进行了图谱数据库设计、图谱单元建模实验研究.     

黄河三角洲湿地景观边界变化及其对土壤性质的影响

以1992年和2006年TM遥感影像为基础信息,运用滑箱扫描方法获得组分边界特征,分析了黄河三角洲景观总体变化,在此基础上,研究不同景观类型变化过程土壤容重、水分含量、全氮、全磷、有机质及土壤盐分离子Ca2+、K+、Mg2+、Na+的差异性,以揭示景观变化对湿地土壤性质的影响.结果表明,三角洲景观组分之间的边界趋于复杂化,部分耕地转化为柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)和翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera),潮滩植被侵入滩涂.不同景观类型下的土壤性质差异不显著,但景观类型转化对土壤性质存在一定影响.农田转变为柽柳、芦苇、翅碱蓬过程中土壤容重降低;而滩涂转变为翅碱蓬后土壤容重提高.农田转化为林地和滩涂转化为灌丛过程中土壤含水量降低,而其他景观变化过程土壤含水量表现出增加的趋势.不同景观类型下土壤全氮、有机质、全磷含量均较低,且变化过程中土壤养分含量变化也较小.各景观类型变化过程中土壤Ca2+含量变化幅度最大;其他土壤盐分离子含量的变化因景观组分变化方向不同存在较大差异,但总体上看,不同景观变化过程下土壤盐分离子含量均具有较大变化.     

Runoff separation and eco-hydrological function in the typical landscape zones combining hydrochemical and isotopic tracers: a review

The study on the coupling relationship and hydrology mechanism between ecosystem and hydrological process in a basin has recently become the international research frontier in hydrology.Runoff separation is still an important subject and possibly cutting edge process in hydrology.This paper summarizes the progress of national and international research,and comments on the advantages and disadvantages of recent,diverse base flow separation methods.This paper also presents research on hydrological process and eco-hydrological function in different landscape zones,combining isotopic technology with hydrochemical methods.Based on the runoff separation of different water bodies,this paper probes into the coupling relationship and hydrology mechanism between ecosystem pattern and eco-hydrological process,and makes analysis on water conservation,regulation and storage mechanism,and eco-hydrological function in different landscape zones.This report also examines future trends in research on hydrological process and eco-hydrological function in mountainous areas.     

微尺度下的荒漠绿洲景观结构数量分析与绿洲稳定性研究——以甘肃景泰县为例

采用景泰县典型荒漠绿洲2006—2008年土地利用变更数据作为研究的基础材料,运用景观生态学中多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数等有关结构数量分析的方法,对研究区土地利用结构分异进行定量分析,结合该区种植结构调整对土地生产力、经济的影响的实地调查,对绿洲稳定性进行分析。结果表明,2006—2008年研究区景观异质性下降,景观组分趋向不均匀分布,优势斑块对景观的控制作用在增强,斑块趋向异质化,绿洲稳定性增强。     

Linking landslides,hillslope erosion,and landscape evolution

This Virtual Issue highlights 10 recent innovative, unconventional, or otherwise significant contributions to Earth Surface Processes and Landforms that help advance the state‐of‐the‐art in research on linkages between landslides, hillslope erosion, and landscape evolution. The selected studies address this feedback within a temporal spectrum that ranges from the event to the millennial scale, thus underscoring the importance of detailed field observations, high‐resolution digital topographic data, and geochronological methods for increasing our capability of quantifying landslide processes and hillslope erosion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Natural experiments in landscape evolution

A natural experiment in landscape evolution is a case study of landform development in which only one element varies significantly, and for which the driving forces, initial conditions, and/or boundary conditions are well constrained. Natural experiments provide a means of testing landscape evolution theory on the large space and time scales to which that theory applies. Natural experiments can involve either steady or transient conditions. Cases with steady conditions allow one to test predictions about the relationships among topography, erosion rates, and various attributes related to climate and material properties. Transient cases are valuable for distinguishing between models whose predictions might be similar, and therefore indistinguishable, under steady conditions. Essential ingredients of a natural experiment include minimal variation in all but one factor, good constraints on timing and/or rates, well‐characterized processes, and high quality topographic data. Other useful ingredients include information about intermediate topographic states (such as a former valley profile revealed by strath terraces), and knowledge of the time history of erosion rates. In order to deepen our understanding of the physics and chemistry of long‐term landscape evolution, there is a pressing need to identify natural experiments and develop the necessary databases to take advantage of them. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南京古都景观核心和生态文化研究

探讨建立以地理景观为视角的古都风貌研究思路新框架.目前中国的古都风貌保护规划往往是从建筑学角度出发,而缺少从地理格局角度的古都景观研究.南京地理格局使其历史古都发展具有独特深厚的景观传统,主要结构是:3条山脉、2条河流和3个湖泊.南京从其诞生到后来城市几次大的变化都是依据这个自然地理系统而构思规划.现代南京城市发展支离破碎地分解了历史上的连绵山峦整体,河流水系网络已经断断续续.本文研究思路是顺延山峦与河流脉络调查分析古都遗址,探寻现状山脉河流系统之中,古都文化景观格局在时空变化和演替规律.进而认定和寻求景观系统之中的历史城市发展的地理关键内核,以地理景观分析并规划南京古都景观保护:以连绵丘岗山系、河流城濠为骨干,保持山体轮廓的连续性,河流水网的完整性;以自然山水地形为纽带贯通各自相对独立的历史遗迹:以明朝城垣、历史街区为网络,以及分散在各地的重点建筑保护范围,构成完整的古都风貌保护的格局.把风景的概念扩大到整个城市区域内,使得自然资源保护、土地利用与景观规划结合为一体.     

中国综合自然地理学的近今进展与前瞻

综合自然地理学及相关的景观生态学是自然地理学的重要分支学科。本文综述了近年来综合自然地理学在学术和应用方面取得的重要进展,由3部分组成：(1) 学科发展回顾;(2) 近今主要进展,包括在基础研究理论与方法技术方面的学科进展和研究成果应用方面的贡献;(3) 学科未来展望,包括机遇与挑战分析和重点研究领域。综合自然地理学的未来发展应注意以下方面：进一步促进更高层次的综合与集成,加强多学科间的交叉融合,共同探究地表系统复杂性问题及机制;进一步提高观测技术和模型模拟的水平,以解决空间与时间上更为复杂的生物地理过程和格局问题;进一步拓展应用领域,为国家资源、环境和社会经济的可持续发展提供科技支持。     

民间信仰文化景观的时空演变及对社会文化空间的整合——以明至民国初期佛山神庙为视角

明代以来佛山的民间信仰迅速发展,神庙系统庞杂,既有广府民系的属性,又反映出商品经济高度发达的特征,对佛山城市发展产生了影响。从古地图和文献中提取历史时期基本空间数据和神庙等文化景观地理信息,建立佛山历史GIS数据库。通过景观复原、地图再现、空间分析和景观分析等方法,以神庙景观为视角,研究表明:明代至民国初年,神庙景观基本上以祖庙铺和明心铺及其周围地带为核心,呈自南向北逐渐扩展的分布总趋势,并与佛山城市社会空间发展相一致,逐渐形成了以佛山祖庙为中心的北帝信仰文化景观的核心地位。通过对北帝巡游路径空间的解读,反映出佛山民间信仰场域的构成,以北帝信仰为纽带,形成了以祖庙为中心的"中心—四方"空间形式,整合了佛山的城市社会文化空间。     

Complexities of landscape evolution during incision through layered stratigraphy with contrasts in rock strength

Variation in the erodibility of rock units has long been recognized as an important determinant of landscape evolution but has been little studied in landscape evolution models. We use a modified version of the Channel‐Hillslope Integrated Landscape Development (CHILD) model, which explicitly allows for variations in rock strength, to reveal and explore the remarkably rich, complex behavior induced by rock erodibility variations in even very simple geologic settings with invariant climate and tectonics. We study the importance of relative contrasts in erodibility between just two units, the order of these units (whether hard rocks overlie soft or soft rocks overlie hard) and the orientation of the contact between the two units. We emphasize the spatial and temporal evolution of erosion rates, which have important implications for basin analysis, detrital mineral records, and the interpretation of cosmogenic isotope concentrations in detrital samples. Results of the landscape evolution modeling indicate that the stratigraphic order of units in terms of erodibility, the gross orientation of the contact (i.e. dipping away or toward the outlet of the landscape) and the contact dip angle all have measurable effects on landscape evolution, including significant spatial and temporal variations in erosion rates. Steady‐state denudation conditions are unlikely to develop in landscapes with significant contrasts in rock strength in horizontal to moderately tilted rock layers, at least at the scale of the entire landscape. Additionally, our results demonstrate that there is no general relation between rock erodibility and erosion rates in natural settings. Although rock erodibility directly controls the erosion rate constant in our models, it is not uncommon for higher erosion rates to occur in the harder, less erodible rock. Indeed erosion rates may be either greater or less than the rock uplift rate (invariant in time and space in our models) in both hard and soft rocks, depending on the local geology, topography, and the pattern of landscape evolution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.