地球化学勘查新技术应用研究

地球化学勘查是资源和环境领域一种十分重要的勘查评价方法技术.最近十年来地球化学勘查新方法新技术研究的重要进展主要表现在以下几个方面:①基本解决了森林沼泽区、干旱半干旱高寒山区、高寒湖沼丘陵区中普遍存在的有机质和/或风成沙对水系沉积物测量的严重干扰问题,确定采样粒级为:森林沼泽区和高寒湖沼丘陵区-10～+60目,干旱半干...     

Hillslope response to knickpoint migration in the Southern Appalachians: implications for the evolution of post‐orogenic landscapes

The southern Appalachians represent a landscape characterized by locally high topographic relief, steep slopes, and frequent mass movement in the absence of significant tectonic forcing for at least the last 200 Ma. The fundamental processes responsible for landscape evolution in a post‐orogenic landscape remain enigmatic. The non‐glaciated Cullasaja River basin of south‐western North Carolina, with uniform lithology, frequent debris flows, and the availability of high‐resolution airborne lidar DEMs, is an ideal natural setting to study landscape evolution in a post‐orogenic landscape through the lens of hillslope–channel coupling. This investigation is limited to channels with upslope contributing areas >2.7 km², a conservative estimate of the transition from fluvial to debris‐flow dominated channel processes. Values of normalized hypsometry, hypsometric integral, and mean slope vs elevation are used for 14 tributary basins and the Cullasaja basin as a whole to characterize landscape evolution following upstream knickpoint migration. Results highlight the existence of a transient spatial relationship between knickpoints present along the fluvial network of the Cullasaja basin and adjacent hillslopes. Metrics of topography (relief, slope gradient) and hillslope activity (landslide frequency) exhibit significant downstream increases below the current position of major knickpoints. The transient effect of knickpoint‐driven channel incision on basin hillslopes is captured by measuring the relief, mean slope steepness, and mass movement frequency of tributary basins and comparing these results with the distance from major knickpoints along the Cullasaja River. A conceptual model of area–elevation and slope distributions is presented that may be representative of post‐orogenic landscape evolution in analogous geologic settings. Importantly, the model explains how knickpoint migration and channel–hillslope coupling is an important factor in tectonically‐inactive (i.e. post‐orogenic) orogens for the maintenance of significant relief, steep slopes, and weathering‐limited hillslopes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geology, landscape and human interactions: examples from the Isle of Wight

The British Geological Survey has recently re-mapped the Isle of Wight at a scale of 1:10,000. This has added to a wealth of geological research already published. Within this paper, we highlight the importance of geology to the heritage of the Isle of Wight and its impacts on everyday life. There is a growing cultural awareness of the variety of landscapes and resources, the geology that underpins them, and the need to manage and understand them in a sensitive and sustainable way. ‘Geodiversity’, which collectively embraces these themes, is defined as “… the natural range (diversity) of geological (rocks, minerals, fossils), geomorphological (land form, processes) and soil features …” (Gray, 2004). This paper will focus on the geomorphological features; that is, the link between geology, the landscape it influences, and the human interactions with it. Examples from the Isle of Wight of the influences of geology on landscape include the landslides at Ventnor; geotourism at The Needles, Alum Bay and various dinosaur sites; and the artificial landscapes resulting from resource extraction. The geological issues and examples that we have used are some of the most applicable to everyday life, and therefore ones that many people will be able to relate to, such as geohazards (e.g. landslides), water supply, economic value (e.g. quarrying) and tourism. The paper is aimed at the non-specialist and students but also may provide a contextual element to professionals.     

中西园林设计语言比较——以植物、山石为例

中国园林与西方园林由于思想文化的差异在园林设计语言上形成了不同的风格,这种差异在古典园林中表现得更为明显。在现代园林中,由于国际化进程的加快在园林设计语言风格上的差异日趋减少,难以再用某一固定定义得到完全的划分,取而代之的是设计上个性化、多样化的艺术形式的产生,丰富着园林的设计语言。本文通过对中西古典园林在植物、山石等方面设计语言运用上的比较,以及现代园林中设计语言多样化的分析,目的在于丰富和深化园林设计语言,创作更加优秀的园林艺术作品。     

晋陕蒙接壤地区土地利用/覆盖变化及其驱动力研究——以神华集团大柳塔矿区为例

选择地处生态环境脆弱地区的晋陕蒙接壤地区能源化工基地的大柳塔矿区为研究区,利用1986年8月2日和2007年9月7日的TM卫星图像数据为信息源,应用遥感技术对其土地利用/覆盖变化进行研究。通过图像处理,划分出7种土地利用和地表覆盖景观类型,根据获取的景观类型变化参数对其结构与变化特征进行分析,得出研究区的生态变化趋势与驱动力。结果表明,煤矿大规模开采以来,研究区景观结构稳定性减弱,破碎度增强,人类活动在研究区生态环境变化过程中起主导作用。在矿区生态环境恢复中,应提高自然植被景观类型的有效规模,有利于增强生态系统的稳定性。     

Simulating impact of larch caterpillar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendrolimus superans</Emphasis>) on fire regime and forest landscape in Da Hinggan Mountains,Northeast China

Larch caterpillar (Dendrolimus superans) is very common in the Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeast China, affecting fire regime and forest ecosystem change at large spatio-temporal scales. In this study, we used a spatially explicit landscape model, LANDIS, to simulate the changes of fire regime and forest landscape under four larch caterpillar disturbance intensity levels scenarios in Huzhong forest area, northern of Da Hinggan Mountains. The results indicate that larch caterpillar disturbances would decrease ...     

汶川地震前后龙溪虹口自然保护区景观多样性的遥感评估

 本文以植被类型与土地利用类型为主要依据,建立四川龙溪-虹口自然保护区景观分类体系,对汶川地震前后的两期Landsat TM影像进行了解译,得到其地震前后的景观空间格局,并对研究区地震前后景观变化特征进行分析,得到:(1)震后研究区景观斑块总数增加了2.36倍,景观破碎化严重。阔叶林与针叶林组成的森林景观呈片段化,优势度下降;阔叶林、稀疏植被,以及草甸成为新的优势景观。(2)震后 Shannon多样性指数与周长-面积分维数分别上升11%和7%,说明研究区景观异质性与多样性增多,景观结构更复杂。优势度指数和聚集度指数下降30%,表示研究区内大的景观斑块减少,景观类型聚集度下降,连通性下降。(3)研究区生境破碎,生物多样性维持功能减弱;植被覆盖度降低,边缘生境增加,水源涵养功能减弱、水土流失风险加剧;景观结构受损,生态屏障功能减弱。其表明地震及其次生灾害作为自然干扰因子,改变了研究区景观的结构与格局,破坏了珍稀动植物的适宜生境,对研究区珍稀濒危物种与自然生态系统造成了严重威胁,将对区域生态环境与生物多样性造成重要影响。     

城市景观建设与管理探讨

我国快速城市化进程中普遍存在城市景观特色丧失、千城一面等城市建设规划与管理症结.随着经济发展,城市风貌与景观特色已广受关注.针对城市景观乱象,在总结国内外城市景观研究与应用的基础上,提出了开展城市景观调查、加强城市生态基础设施保护、重视乡土植物景观保护与利用以及加强环境经济与公共政策研究等思路,探讨了构建符合生态环境保护与可持续发展时代精神、结合城市自然环境特征、切合社会经济发展与居民文化生活状况的城市景观评价与控制体系,指出通过坚持城市景观特色的继承与发展进行有效地城市景观规划建设与管理的途径与方法.     

基于昆山市城乡一体化的景观动态变化分析

在我国快速城乡一体化发展的背景下,研究城乡一体化的景观格局动态变化,对城乡景观的协调发展有十分重要的意义。以昆山市域范围为研究对象,基于1985—2008年间的3期TM影像图及两期土地利用数据,采用遥感和地理信息系统相结合的技术方法,应用Image Analyzer 1.0等景观分析软件,依据城乡联系的特点对昆山市域范围的景观格局进行分类,并对其演变进行动态研究。结果表明:23年间自然景观类型的面积基本保持不变;人工景观面积显著增长了440%;半自然半人工景观面积减少了29%。乡镇的农业景观大幅度减少了312.45 km2(占总面积的33.69%),而工商业及交通用地的增幅达33.17倍。市域范围内整体斑块密度、景观斑块数量破碎化指数受人工景观类型的影响基本呈上升趋势;受可开发利用土地资源量的限制,斑块之间距离缩进,其景观分离度也呈下降趋势。说明在城乡一体化进程中,景观格局受人为影响非常严重,在城市建设的同时,自然景观格局的连续性与完整性遭到破环。     

形态学图像处理方法在扎龙湿地景观格局分析中的应用

以数学形态学图像处理技术为主要方法,对扎龙湿地景观格局进行分类,形成核心、斑块、边缘和孔隙4种格局类型,并在此基础上与土地覆盖类型图叠加处理,分析湿地不同景观格局与土地覆盖类型的关系。结果表明,基于形态学图像处理技术的景观格局分类保持了像元水平的精度,优于传统的分类方式。1979-2008年,扎龙湿地的核心湿地减少,斑块、边缘和孔隙都相应增加。作为湿地中的优势类型,含地表水的湿地逐渐转移到非核心的斑块、边缘和孔隙湿地中,原有的核心湿地逐渐变得破碎。