基于Landsat卫星的沈阳市土地覆盖变化研究

土地利用、土地覆盖变化(LUCC)是当今遥感领域的重要研究课题,也是地学界、生物学界、环境学界等关注的热点问题之一^[1]。特别是对大城市的土地类型变化研究,有利于揭示城市化进程中的空间变化规律。本文利用沈阳市1990、2000、2010年3期Landsat系列卫星数据,经过空间配准、相对辐射校正、图像增强等预处理,分别对3期遥感图像进行监督分类,提取土地类型转换信息并进行景观格局分析^[2]。结果表明,20年间沈阳市土地覆盖变化主要表现为耕地和建筑用地的转变,其中1990—2000年,耕地和建筑用地均有缓慢增加;而2000—2010年耕地面积明显减少,建筑用地显著增加,城市化进程大大加快。本文成果对沈阳市未来城市规划和可持续发展相关政策的制定有一定的参考价值。     

红层盆地岩性差异对丹霞地貌发育的控制

陆相红层盆地的岩性在横向上和纵向上都有比较明显的变化,导致发育的丹霞地貌形态迥异。本文以赣东北信江盆地、粤北丹霞盆地、陕北地区为例,采用对比分析、数值模拟等研究手段,总结了红层盆地中常见的岩石及地貌类型,提出岩性在丹霞地貌坡面演化过程中的关键作用。在信江盆地中,龙虎山、龟峰等挺拔高耸的山峰主要发育在盆地南缘的河口组厚层砾岩中,而盆地中部贵溪、弋阳地区的近圆形山丘则产在塘边组大型交错层理风成砂岩中;与其类似,丹霞山的赤壁陡崖主要发育在丹霞组厚层砾岩夹风成砂岩中;相反,陕北地区波浪状地貌主要发育在洛河组风成砂岩中。利用河道-山坡综合地形演化(CHILD)地貌模拟软件,假设在同样的构造抬升和河流侵蚀作用下,分别模拟了细砂岩、细砾岩、中砾岩构成的山体坡面的演化过程。模拟结果显示,细砂岩山体易形成较为平缓的坡面,中砾岩易形成陡峻崖壁和巷谷,而介于二者之间的细砾岩则形成较为明显的沟壑系统。CHILD模拟结果与实地观测一致。因此,红层岩性差异在丹霞地貌演化过程中扮演了重要的角色,也是未来地貌定量模拟研究中需要考虑的关键因素。     

中国东北地区人为活动对森林景观格局及鹿科动物生境的影响（英文）

Species abundance and habitat distribution are two important aspects of species conservation studies and both are affected by similar environmental factors. Forest resource inventory data in 2010 were used to evaluate the patterns of habitat for target species of Cervidae in six typical forestry bureaus of the Yichun forest area in the Lesser Xing’an Mountains, northeastern China. A habitat suitability index(HSI) model was used based on elevation, slope, aspect, vegetation and age of tree. These five environmental factors were selected by boosted regression tree(BRT) analysis from 14 environmental variables collected during field surveys. Changes in habitat caused by anthropogenic activities mainly involving settlement and road factors were also considered. The results identified 1780.49 km2 of most-suitable and 1770.70 km2 of unsuitable habitat areas under natural conditions, covering 16.38% and 16.29% of the entire study area, respectively. The area of most-suitable habitat had been reduced by 4.86% when human interference was taken into account, whereas the unsuitable habitat area had increased by 11.3%, indicating that anthropogenic disturbance turned some potential habitats into unsuitable ones. Landscape metrics indicated that average patch area declined while patch density and edge density increased. This suggests that as habitat becomes fragmented and its quality becomes degraded by human activities, cervid populations will be threatened with extirpation. The study helped identify the spatial extent of habitat influenced by anthropogenic interference for the local cervid population. As cervid species clearly avoid human activities, more attention should be paid on considering the way and intensity of human activities for habitat management as fully as possible.     

The response of spiders to less-focused non-crop habitats in the agricultural landscape along the lower reach of the Yellow River

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Non-crop habitats have been suggested to impact local biodiversity significantly in agricultural landscapes. However, there have been few studies of the effects...     

Land use and landscape change driven by gully land consolidation project: A case study of a typical watershed in the Loess Plateau

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Exploring the impact of land consolidation on the changes of local land use and the landscape patterns is important for optimizing land consolidation models and...     

Rangeland privatization and its impacts on the Zoige wetlands on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau

The high Zoige Basin （Ruoergai Plateau） on the eastern Tibetan Plateau is a fault depression formed during intensive uplifting of the Tibetan Plateau. The wetland is globally important in biodiversity and is composed of marshes, bogs, fens, wet meadows and shallow water interspersed with low hills and sub-alpine meadows. Most of the Zoige wetlands have long been one of the most important grazing lands in China. Recent rangeland policy has allowed grazing, and usable wetland areas have been being legally allocated to individuals or groups of households on a long-term lease basis. Privatizafion of the wetland has impacted the Zoige wetlands in aspects of hydrologic condition, landscape and biodiversity. The uneven spatial distribution of water resources onprivatelands has led to the practice of extracting ground water, which has decreased the perched water table in Zoige. Fencing off the rangelands and grazing on expanding sand dunes have affected landscapes. Variation in the water table has led to the changes in vegetation diversity, resulting in the changes in wildlife and aquatic diversities and ecosystem processes. Making use all year round of the pasture that was previously grazed only in summer has shrunk the daily activity space of wildlife, and the newly erected fences blocked the movement of wild animals looking for food in the snow to lower and open areas. To maintain the favorable conditions of the Zoige wetland ecosystem, the author suggests that, in addition to biophysical research and implementation of conservation practices, there is an immediate need to initiate an integrated management program, increase public awareness of wetland functions and provide better training for the local conservation staff.     

鄂尔多斯草原沙漠交错区生态系统健康评价——以十大孔兑为例

生态系统健康是生态学在景观和区域尺度的主要研究领域,应用RS技术判读生态系统格局变化是生态系统健康评价有效手段。十大孔兑地处中国草原沙漠交错区,受到的干扰较多,生态系统健康状况在中国生态交错区具有代表性。基于生态系统（土地利用）格局和相应生态系统服务价值当量应用RS和GIS技术评价了十大孔兑地区不同地理类型区生态系统健康状况。结果表明：（1）十大孔兑生态系统以健康区为主,面积为686 925.72 hm²,占总面积64.66%;研究区南部（草原区）、中部（沙漠区）和北部（平原区）健康区比例都大于50%。（2）健康区最大斑块指数（LPI）总体为62.47%,从北到南分别为22.42%、65.04%、66.25%;平均欧几里得距离（ENN_MN）总体为526.51 m,从北到南分别为293.47、287.14、298.09 m。（3）健康区在十大孔兑以集中连片团聚结构为绝对优势,尤其是南部和中部表现明显,但是北部团聚性较南部和中部弱;良好区和恶化区呈现为低频率离散分布,北部较南部和中部良好区分布频率更高、更聚集,南部较中部和北部恶化区分布频率更低、更离散;较好区和较差区呈现高频率离散分布。     

荒漠绿洲交错区景观稳定性与维持机制

景观稳定性与维持机制是景观生态学理论的重要基础。由于人类活动干扰和景观斑块自然属性及资源条件约束,荒漠绿洲交错区景观稳定性研究成为干旱区生态学研究热点。选取描述景观斑块大小（MPA）、数量（PD）、大斑块优势度（LPI）和斑块空间关系（ENN）等4个指数,采用统计学中的变异系数和景观稳定性指数分析了荒漠绿洲交错区不同景观水平稳定性。从景观指数稳定性来看,无论是景观或斑块类型水平,斑块间平均距离指数稳定性最高,平均斑块面积指数次之,斑块密度指数居第三,大斑块优势度指数最低。景观与斑块类型水平比较而言,景观尺度同类指数稳定性都高于斑块类型尺度。从景观稳定性时间尺度依赖特征来看,线性趋势分析表明景观水平尺度依赖特征达到了显著水平（P=0.003）,低于斑块类型水平的沙质荒漠（P<0.001）与砾质荒漠（P<0.001）。从景观稳定性维持机制来看,Pearson相关分析显示人类活动导致的绿洲化和地下水埋深是影响荒漠绿洲交错区景观稳定性的主要原因（双侧检查都为P<0.01）;沙漠化过程（0.01 < P < 0.05）和相邻斑块属性等自然现状是次要原因。     

基于精准修复的陕西传统乡村聚落景观基因变异性研究

传统乡村聚落景观基因是当前聚落景观的研究热点之一。结合相关研究,论文定义了景观基因信息链,明确了其层次结构,提出了传统乡村聚落景观基因的类生命总体变异机制;在此基础上,结合陕西传统乡村聚落景观特征,进一步构建其景观基因信息链,提出其景观基因总体变异机制及总体变异特征。最后,提出了传统乡村聚落景观基因信息链精准修复的理论框架,并对陕西发生变异的典型聚落进行了精准修复实践,验证了景观基因信息链精准修复的必要性、可操作性。研究旨在为传统乡村聚落保护、活化提供新的、景观基因视角的独特思路与方法。     

第二次世界大战后英国乡村景观研究的脉络走向及启示

英国是全球乡村景观建设和发展的典范。从地理学、生态学及规划学等综合的视角出发,首先从社会背景上分析二战后英国乡村景观的演变轨迹;其次从学术背景梳理英国乡村景观的研究历程,并从学科角度提炼不同阶段的研究重点及研究特征;最后从研究趋势方面讨论学者们最新的研究议题。在梳理和总结英国乡村景观研究的基础上,提出对中国乡村景观研究的启示和借鉴。