Development of spatial regression models for predicting summer river temperatures from landscape characteristics: Implications for land and fisheries management

There is increasing demand for models that can accurately predict river temperature at the large spatial scales appropriate to river management. This paper combined summer water temperature data from a strategically designed, quality controlled network of 25 sites, with recently developed flexible spatial regression models, to understand and predict river temperature across a 3,000 km² river catchment. Minimum, mean and maximum temperatures were modelled as a function of nine potential landscape covariates that represented proxies for heat and water exchange processes. Generalised additive models were used to allow for flexible responses. Spatial structure in the river network data (local spatial variation) was accounted for by including river network smoothers. Minimum and mean temperatures decreased with increasing elevation, riparian woodland and channel gradient. Maximum temperatures increased with channel width. There was greater between‐river and between‐reach variability in all temperature metrics in lower‐order rivers indicating that increased monitoring effort should be focussed at these smaller scales. The combination of strategic network design and recently developed spatial statistical approaches employed in this study have not been used in previous studies of river temperature. The resulting catchment scale temperature models provide a valuable quantitative tool for understanding and predicting river temperature variability at the catchment scales relevant to land use planning and fisheries management and provide a template for future studies.     

Resistant rock layers amplify cosmogenically-determined erosion rates

Prior numerical modeling work has suggested that incision into sub-horizontal layered stratigraphy with variable erodibility induces non-uniform erosion rates even if base-level fall is steady and sustained. Erosion rates of cliff bands formed in the stronger rocks in a stratigraphic sequence can greatly exceed the rate of base-level fall. Where quartz in downstream sediment is sourced primarily from the stronger, cliff-forming units, erosion rates estimated from concentrations of cosmogenic beryllium-10 (¹⁰Be) in detrital sediment will reflect the locally high erosion rates in retreating cliff bands. We derive theoretical relationships for threshold hillslopes and channels described by the stream-power incision model as a quantitative guide to the potential magnitude of this amplification of ¹⁰Be-derived erosion rates above the rate of base-level fall. Our analyses predict that the degree of erosion rate amplification is a function of bedding dip and either the ratio of rock erodibility in alternating strong and weak layers in the channel network, or the ratio of cliff to intervening-slope gradient on threshold hillslopes. We test our predictions in the cliff-and-bench landscape of the Grand Staircase in southern Utah, USA. We show that detrital cosmogenic erosion rates in this landscape are significantly higher (median 300 m/Ma) than the base-level fall rate (~75 m/Ma) determined from the incision rate of a trunk stream into a ~0.6 Ma basalt flow emplaced along a 16 km reach of the channel. We infer a 3–6-fold range in rock strength from near-surface P-wave velocity measurements. The approximately four-fold difference between the median ¹⁰Be-derived erosion rate and the long-term rate of base-level fall is consistent with our model and the observation that the stronger, cliff-forming lithologies in this landscape are the primary source of quartz in detrital sediments. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantifying erosional equilibrium across a slowly eroding,soil mantled landscape

The textbook concept of an equilibrium landscape, which posits that soil production and erosion are balanced and equal channel incision, is rarely quantified for natural systems. In contrast to mountainous, rapidly eroding terrain, low relief and slow-eroding landscapes are poorly studied despite being widespread and densely inhabited. We use three field sites along a climosequence in South Africa to quantify very slow (2-5 m/My) soil production rates that do not vary across hillslopes or with climate. We show these rates to be indistinguishable from spatially invariant catchment-average erosion rates while soil depth and chemical weathering increase strongly with rainfall across our sites. Our analyses imply landscape-scale equilibrium although the dominant means of denudation varies from physical weathering in dry climates to chemical weathering in wet climates. In the two wetter sites, chemical weathering is so significant that clay translocates both vertically in soil columns and horizontally down hillslope catenas, resulting in particle size variation and the accumulation of buried stone lines at the clay-rich depth. We infer hundred-thousand-year residence times of these stone lines and suggest that bioturbation by termites plays a key role in exhuming sediment into the mobile soil layer from significant depths below the clay layer. Our results suggest how tradeoffs in physical and chemical weathering, potentially modulated by biological processes, shape slowly eroding, equilibrium landscapes. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coastal geomorphic chronosequences across broad spatiotemporal scales. Metrical observations from the Cape Verde hotspot

The study of the coastal landscapes of hotspot oceanic islands through comprehensive structural metrics and ecological estimators represents an opportunity to explore geomorphological transformations and broad spatiotemporal scale features of coastal evolution. As part of this approach, a new metrical comparative analysis is presented in this study, comprising four islands in different evolutionary stages. They belong to the Cape Verde archipelago, which forms a double insular chain in which an east–west gradient in age and evolution is particularly evident across the southern chain. A space-for-time (SFT) substitution approach is applied to the coasts of (1) Fogo, in the shield stage; (2) Santiago, in the early post-erosional stage; (3) São Vicente, in the advanced post-erosional stage; and (4) Boa Vista, in the last erosional stage. From the obtained spatial distributions and frequencies of landforms, the coastal landscapes of these islands are compared in relation to their (i) geomorphic composition, using similarity indices (Whittaker, β_w, Sorensen, C_s) and nestedness estimators (NOFD, WNODF), (ii) geomorphic abundance, using morpho-assembling densities (D_gm), and (iii) geomorphic diversity, using six alpha-diversity indices (Richness, S, Menhinick, D_MN, Simpson, D, Shannon, H', Berger-Parker, d, and Brillouin, HB). An advanced geomorphological taxonomy is implemented for areas with limited open-access data, including a set of planform features captured through scale-frequency decomposition. Photographic, cartographic and fieldwork data are used for landform identification at 1200 random sampling points, empirically determined by a bootstrap method. The results show a chronological ordering of the compared variables and a possible co-evolution towards an increase in organizational geomorphic complexity of coastal systems at broad space-timescales. The method proposed in this study can contribute, from a metrical perspective, to finding new long-term evolutionary features and constitutes an advance in the development of an integrated model of coastal evolution in oceanic islands. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

工业用地转型下地理想象与地方意义构建 ——广州广钢新城案例

在城市化进程中工业用地转型背景下,选择广钢新城为案例进行实证分析,从地理想象的视角,探讨周边村民、旧广钢职工以及新进入者等主体对广钢新城地方意义和文化内涵进行解构和重构的过程,并进一步解析地方建构与身份认同的联系。研究发现：1）由于主观性和空间实践体验的差异,不同社会群体对于广钢的地方意义有着截然不同的想象;2）周边村民、广钢旧厂职工集体记忆的嬗变,反映了空间形态、社会结构变化与在地群体的想象构建以及身份认同的耦合关系;3）新进入者的地方身份认同建立在排除在地群体的地方文化想象之上,二者对于广钢新城的地方意义和身份认同是断裂的,2个社会群体对于地方意义的感知与认同在未来还需要进一步的交流与融合;4）在社会话语构建的文化冲击以及权力和资本的支配下,外界群体逐渐产生对广钢新城地方文化意义的多元想象。广钢片区的大规模空间重塑以及由此衍生的地方意义重构说明经济、社会和文化因素对地方建构具有直接而深刻的影响。     

川西林盘文化景观基因识别与提取

文化景观是文化地理特征的集中体现,川西林盘文化景观基因识别与提取的研究是对林盘本质的认知和解读。根据文化景观的关键特征,基于文献与实地考察,综合运用问卷与半结构式访谈等方式进行调查,借助SPSS软件进行数据统计和处理,客观地明晰了林盘文化景观的结构组成;并在此基础上引入“景观基因”理论,以川西林盘的文化景观为研究对象,从遗传信息的表达,以及基因所属位列、功能性和重要度2个层面进行了相应的分类,进一步阐释了识别与提取的方法与流程。同时,在土地利用数据、卫星影像及地理信息数据电子地图等资料的辅助下,以新津、温江、崇州林盘群系与鱼子孔、龚林盘和胥家院子聚落单元为例,进行了文化景观基因的识别,归纳梳理出其共性基因、个性基因,并提取出民居、渠系、林地等主体基因,菜地、井等胞质基因、石笼、平桥等附着基因和治水工程、移民文化等调节基因。     

基于GIS与模糊层次分析法的景观视觉资源综合评价

景观视觉评价是评判景观视觉资源价值的重要方式。本研究从景观视觉的综合定量评价角度出发,设计基于基本视觉元素与景观视觉敏感度的综合评价指标体系,提出一种基于GIS空间分析与模糊层次分析法的景观视觉综合评价方法,利用综合视觉指数分别从整体视角和单因子视角客观揭示景观视觉资源的分布特征及其影响因素。以泰山风景区为研究区的实验结果显示：单因子视角中,玉皇顶、天烛峰、碧霞祠等景点分别在视域范围、相对坡度敏感度、相对距离敏感度等侧面具有最高的评分。综合视角下,景观视觉指数最高的景点为玉皇顶（0.819）,最低的景点为桃花峪（0.180）。通过与基于用户打分的景点评价结果的对比,验证了本方法的可靠性与先进性,为定量化描述与评价景观视觉资源提供了一种新的研究思路和研究方法,也为景区综合发展规划及景点的开发保护提供了客观的参考依据和决策支持。     

Competing space and place identity with landscape change analysis using Web GIS through Singapore historical maps (1828–2015)

The investigation of historical maps is fundamental to understanding the dynamics of landscape changes. In this study, we propose Web GIS tools as a way to compare historical maps efficiently for knowledge production. A key impetus of this article is to contribute to the ongoing efforts to broaden the appeal of ‘mixed‐methods research’ by bridging the epistemological and methodological gaps between GIS and qualitative methodologies in knowledge production. This article proposes a new visualization method for historical landscape change analysis by comparing multiple maps simultaneously with the mash‐up of Web GIS. Based on the analysis of exterior facts represented on the maps, four developmental footprints were investigated, namely, surviving place identity, disappeared place identity replaced by new identity, waning place identity overlapped with new identity, and waning identity by disconnected spatial relationships. To this end, the study argues that Web GIS applications have more potential in spatial knowledge production than traditional desktop GIS.     

中国建设用地扩张对景观格局演化的影响

探索建设用地扩张对景观格局变化的影响机理是理解人类活动对生态系统功能、格局和过程变化影响机制的关键。但中国全国尺度建设用地扩张过程对景观格局演化的影响研究明显不足。基于此,突破传统行政区划单元的分析方法,以覆盖全国的10 km格网为基本单元,基于1975-2014年建成区比率数据来表征建设用地扩张水平,运用同期土地利用数据计算相应的景观指数,定量刻画了建设用地扩张及景观格局的时空演化过程,并运用空间计量经济模型定量解析了建设用地扩张过程对景观格局演化的影响效应。同时,基于全样本、不同时间点、不同规模城市和不同区域城市的对比揭示建设用地扩张过程对景观格局演化影响的时空差异性。研究结果表明：40年间建成区比率值增长了3倍,高于同期的人口城镇化增长水平,东、中和西部间呈现出显著的梯度差异性,而且差异程度逐步增加,大、中、小城市之间的差异也较为显著。1975-1990年、1990-2000年和2000-2014年3个时间段的年均增速分别为5.87%、2.32%和2.32%。景观格局总体上也经历了显著变化,优势景观类型的主导性逐步降低,景观格局趋于破碎化,复杂度增强,邻近度趋于离散,聚集度逐步降低,结合度渐高,景观多样性和均匀度均有所提高。随着建设用地扩张水平的提高,景观越来越趋于破碎化,人类活动对景观的干扰强度和频率也不断增强。例如,建设用地扩张水平每提高1%将导致景观斑块数量提高0.45%左右。但是建设用地扩张水平与景观复杂度的变化在空间上存在错位。建设用地扩张水平的提高在一定程度上使同类型斑块间的距离变近,景观聚集度出现降低趋势,景观越来越呈现多种要素的密集格局,斑块聚合和集群性增强,相应的结合度也越来越高,景观均衡化趋势和均匀分布越来越明显。同时发现,不同规模城市和不同区域的影响差异显著,除地理区位因素差异性不显著外,其他控制要素也对景观格局演化具有差别化的影响。     

藏族村落地名的空间格局、生成机制与保护策略——以甘南藏族自治州夏河县为例

地名是特定空间上自然或人文地理实体的专有名称。村落地名作为文化景观的重要组成部分,记录着多元文化信息,也是集体记忆的重要载体。研究村落地名的空间格局、生成机制与保护策略,对于传承乡土文脉具有深远的价值。以甘南州夏河县藏族村落为例,应用GIS核密度估计法刻画了地名的空间格局,从文化景观视角出发解读了藏族村落地名的类型和生成机制。研究表明：以文化型为主、自然型为辅、复合型补充的地名体系是藏族村落命名的基本范式;映射出深厚的自然性基因、恋地性基因、记述性基因和关系性基因等文化景观特质;环境指向、族源沿袭、信仰认同和区际交融是藏族村落地名生成的源发力量。制定地名保护名录、建立地名标识系统是藏族村落地名保护的当务之急。