Multiple interfaces of the European Landscape Convention

The multiple interfaces of the European Landscape Convention were the topic of a roundtable panel discussion held at the meeting of the Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape in September 2006. The roundtable was convened by Kenneth R. Olwig, who together with four other speakers presented the main topics for discussion. Their presentations are given here as a series of short articles. Initially a brief historical background and the main provisions of the European Landscape Convention (Florence Convention) of 2000, in force 2004, are presented. The interfaces with law, landscape ecology, heritage, and globalisation are then successively discussed. Finally, the European Landscape Convention itself is examined as a discursive interface, with contradictory as well as synergetic aspects.     

Landscape in the sagas of Icelanders: The concepts of land and landsleg

This article presents a study of the Icelandic landscape concept, and its meaning and embedded connotations. The present-day understanding of the concept provides the point of departure to some of the oldest preserved examples of the term. The analysis thus centres upon the sagas of Icelanders that were written in the Middle Ages. The paper reveals that in the 14th century the concept referred to morphological qualities of land, and was often associated with an aesthetic appreciation thereof. The meaning of landscape as natural scenery has been explained as the outcome of artistic articulations of social relations in the wake of the Renaissance and Romanticism. Such accounts, however, do not explain the aesthetic connotations associated with the Icelandic landscape concept in the Middle Ages, described in this article. The results of the study thus indicate that there may be more to the landscape concept within the cultural domain defined by the Germanic languages than hitherto revealed, particularly in terms of aesthetic experiences of the natural environment. Subsequently, this article emphasises the importance of identifying the culturally embedded meaning of landscape as a concept in the Icelandic context, for successful implementation of the concept in planning practices.     

Finnskogene I Norge

Recently, increased attention has been paid to the importance of everyday landscapes in the Western world, and a stronger political will to involve local participation in planning processes has emerged. The authors discuss the implementation of the political will to engage the Norwegian public in local heritage planning and whether or not this new role can have a mobilising effect on heritage protection. In Norway, cultural heritage managers have established methods for identifying valuable heritage assets in cultural historic landscapes. As increased responsibility for cultural heritage management is given to municipalities, more municipalities are making their own heritage plans to improve local heritage management. The article investigates how cultural heritage management in everyday landscapes is taking place, how heritage plans are developed, how local knowledge is involved, and what assets local residents appreciate in their environment, based on an in-depth study of two medium-sized Norwegian regional towns. The results show that local stakeholders were often invited to participate in planning processes, but that their contributions were largely kept out of official plans at the final stage. Further, the study revealed that memories and personal histories related to heritage appreciations are important elements in building identity, both at a personal level and at a local level.     

Rule-based GIS-modelling for management purposes: A case study from the islands of Froan,Sør-Trøndelag,mid-western Norway

The coastal heath region along the western coast of Norway, dominated by Calluna vulgaris, is undergoing rapid change. Vegetation changes are caused by changes in management, including reduced frequency or abandonment of periodic heath burning and reduced cutting and grazing. The islands of Froan, in the outermost part of Sør-Trøndelag County in mid-western Norway, are dominated by coastal heath in a state of recession due to reduced traditional land use. The coastal heath is acknowledged as vulnerable and valuable by national environmental authorities, and local landscape management is supported by different national subsidies. The authors mapped the vegetation on Froan and used rule-based GIS-modelling to predict the relative potential for future vegetation changes. The model was based on a range of map layers, including management themes such as history of heath burning and peat removal, current practices of sheep grazing, and also themes derived from the vegetation map, such as soil nutrients, soil moisture and present management status. The resulting model output provides relative probabilities of future changes under different land-use scenarios, and highlights where management efforts should be focused in order to maintain the traditional landscape character.     

近30年冀鲁豫农业村落民宅景观演化过程与机理

在冀鲁豫三省选择3个不同特征的村落作详细案例,结合对其他村落的实地踏查,采用照片对比、平面示意图分析、访谈、问卷调查和统计分析等研究方法,比较分析了近30年来该区域农业村落民宅景观的演化过程和机理。研究发现:30年来冀鲁豫农业村落的民宅景观经历了4个阶段的演化过程。民宅外观形态、样式、建筑材料与技术逐步现代化、去地方化,与泥土和自然的关系逐渐疏离。民宅内部格局的农业生产空间在经历了恢复和重组后逐渐弱化,生活空间的地位则持续提升,并逐步实现按代际、活动和性别的专门化和分隔化。家庭人口学特征是民宅演变代类差异产生的重要动力,家庭经济收入与民宅演变代类之间具有一定的相关性,人口流动对民宅演变代类差异的产生具有较明显作用。     

近30年玉门市土地利用与景观格局变化及其驱动力

干旱内陆河流域生态环境非常脆弱,是土地利用和景观格局变化的敏感区域,也是全球环境变化响应比较突出的区域。采用1976年、1989年、2000年和2010年的Landsat遥感影像,利用GIS技术和景观格局分析方法,系统地分析了疏勒河中游玉门市的土地利用和景观格局变化的时空特征,为研究区土地可持续利用政策的制定提供参考和依据。研究结果显示:近34a来,玉门市土地利用和景观格局发生了剧烈变化,土地利用变化经历了"缓慢变化—急剧变化—显著变化"的过程。研究区景观密度增大,多样性和均匀度先减小,后增加;不同斑块间的分离度减小。农业人口增长和经济发展是玉门市土地利用景观格局变化的最直接驱动力,同时还受气候因素和政策因素的影响。     

基于GIS的徐州市区景观格局变化分析

以徐州市区2000年和2006年土地利用基础数据为数据源,建立景观类型与土地利用类型的对应关系。将徐州市区景观划分成农业景观、园林绿地景观、居住景观、工业景观、商服公共设施景观、水体景观、交通景观和其他景观8种类型,获得2000,2006年徐州市区景观分类图。计算出景观格局指数,利用GIS的空间分析功能,对徐州市区景观格局及其变化特征进行分析。结果表明:在城市化驱动下,徐州市区农业景观主要向居住景观、工业景观转移,商服公共设施景观、居住景观和工业景观的相互转移频繁;农业景观在空间上逐渐分散,其余的景观类型呈现聚集的趋势;徐州市区呈现出景观异质性程度、斑块破碎化程度和斑块复杂化程度均加强的景观格局变化趋势。     

山岳旅游地生态服务价值时空分异及其与环境因子关系——以武夷山风景名胜区为例

以山岳型旅游地武夷山风景名胜区为例,估算了风景区景观生态服务价值,分析1986年、1997年、2009年风景区景观生态服务价值时空变化特征,并运用相关分析和逐步回归分析方法对生态服务价值与环境因子的关系进行了探讨,以期揭示风景区景观生态服务价值与环境因子间的作用规律。结果表明:1.武夷山风景名胜区景观类型单位面积生态服务价值最高为水体(9 3707元/(hm2.a)),最低为裸地(354元/(hm2.a)),建设用地价值(12 000元/(hm2.a))仅高于裸地、农田、灌草等景观类型,杉木林、马尾松林、竹林、阔叶林等森林景观服务价值相差不大;2.风景区内景观生态服务价值在1986—1997年间服务价值有较大损失,在1997—2009年间得到一定程度弥补,但1986-2009年间景观生态服务价值变化呈亏损趋势,植被景观类型向建设用地的转变导致景观生态服务价值的降低;3.风景区内景观类型生态服务价值与环境因子(坡向除外)间呈现中等相关性,其中,郁闭度与生态服务价值相关系数最高(0.7**),环境因子中蓄积量与郁闭度相关系数最高(0.86**);4.植被景观生态服务价拟合结果(R2=0.7524,p<0.0001)值优于非植被景观(R2=0.5370,p<0.0001),拟合效果能较好地揭示景观类型生态服务价值与环境因子间的数量关系。     

北京市杨镇一中人工湿地设计及污水处理效果

针对北京市农村地区居民居住相对分散、生活污水集中处理难度大的状况,在北京市杨镇一中,建立了经济且简便易行的用于处理污水的人工湿地。该人工湿地由地埋式一体化预处理、多级复合式人工湿地系统、景观湿地系统三部分组成。通过单元实验,对人工湿地的填料结构、植物选择、布水设计、水位调节、湿地防堵系统设计、预处理系统设计进行了创新,研究了1d、2d和3d水力停留时间对污水中有机物处理效应的影响,并开展了人工湿地基质堵塞实验、冬季保温措施研究以及人工湿地脱氮除磷效果研究。结果表明,比较而言,1d和3d的水力停留时间不利于有机物的去除,2d的水力停留时间有利于有机物的去除;人工湿地0～10m的水平距离内,0～5cm、30～35cm、60～65cm深度的基质的堵塞差异显著(n=10,p<0.05),从水平上看,在0m、2m、4m处基质的堵塞最为明显,因此,在更换人工湿地基质时,只需更换0～4m内的基质;棚膜+蒲席覆盖系统去除污水中总氮的效果要优于结冰盖系统,更适宜于北方使用;预处理系统、人工湿地系统、景观湿地系统三部分共同处理污水,优势互补,能使处理后的出水符合北京市水污染排放标准一级B限值。     

丘北普者黑岩溶地貌景观特征

通过介绍普者黑地区的岩溶地貌特征,借鉴石林和桂林的研究模式,对普者黑的岩溶地貌形成机理进行了深入研究,并针对普者黑独特的亚热带高原岩溶地貌的特征,阐述了其研究的科学价值。