自组织双重空间聚类算法的城市扩张结构分析应用

双重空间聚类是能顾及空间连续性和属性相似性的空间数据分析,而常规空间聚类算法难以同时顾及2方面的约束条件。本文采用自组织双重空间聚类算法,对城市扩张结构分析进行了研究。通过改造自组织特征映射的最佳匹配神经元搜索的算法机制,在空间域和属性域进行迭代聚类搜索,实现了自组织双重空间聚类。以武汉市扩张斑块的位置信息和扩张程度指数为输入数据,使用自组织双重空间聚类算法,实现了城市扩张动态结构的识别。自组织双重空间聚类算法使得聚类结果,既在空间域上连续,又在属性域上相近,算法过程具有自组织性,减少了人为影响。     

Landscape response to tectonic and climatic forcing in the foredeep of the southern Apennines,Italy: insights from Quaternary stratigraphy,quantitative geomorphic analysis,and denudation rate proxies

We present new data about the morphological and stratigraphic evolution and the rates of fluvial denudation of the Tavoliere di Puglia plain, a low‐relief landscape representing the northernmost sector of the Pliocene‐Pleistocene foredeep of the southern Apennines. The study area is located between the easternmost part of the southern Apennine chain and the Gargano promontory and it is characterized by several orders of terraced fluvial deposits, disconformably overlying lower Pleistocene marine clay and organized in a staircase geometry, which recorded the emersion and the long‐term incision history of this sector since mid‐Pleistocene times. We used the spatial and altimetric distribution of several orders of middle to late Pleistocene fluvial terraces in order to perform paleotopographic reconstruction and GIS‐aided eroded volumes estimates. Then, we estimated denudation rates on the basis of the terraces chronostratigraphy, supported by published OSL and AAR dating. Middle to upper Pleistocene denudation rates estimated by means of such an approach are slightly lower than 0.1 mm yr^‐1, in good agreement with short‐term data from direct and indirect evaluation of suspended sediment yield. The analysis of longitudinal river profiles using the stream power erosion model provided additional information on the incision rates of the studied area. Middle to late Quaternary uplift rates (about 0.15 mm yr^‐1), calculated on the basis of the elevation above sea level of marine deposits outcropping in the easternmost sector of the study area, are quite similar to the erosion rates average value, thus suggesting a steady‐state fluvial incision. The approach adopted in this work has demonstrated that erosion rates traditionally obtained by quantitative geomorphic analysis and k_sn estimations can be successfully integrated to quantify rates of tectonic or geomorphological processes of a landscape approaching steady‐state equilibrium. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of bedrock orientation on the landscape evolution,surface morphology and denudation (10Be) at the Niesen,Switzerland

Landscape evolution and surface morphology in mountainous settings are a function of the relative importance between sediment transport processes acting on hillslopes and in channels, modulated by climate variables. The Niesen nappe in the Swiss Penninic Prealps presents a unique setting in which opposite facing flanks host basins underlain by identical lithologies, but contrasting litho‐tectonic architectures where lithologies either dip parallel to the topographic slope or in the opposite direction (i.e. dip slope and non‐dip slope). The north‐western facing Diemtigen flank represents such a dip slope situation and is characterized by a gentle topography, low hillslope gradients, poorly dissected channels, and it hosts large landslides. In contrast, the south‐eastern facing Frutigen side can be described as non‐dip slope flank with deeply incised bedrock channels, high mean hillslope gradients and high relief topography. Results from morphometric analysis reveal that noticeable differences in morphometric parameters can be related to the contrasts in the relative importance of the internal hillslope‐channel system between both valley flanks. While the contrasting dip‐orientations of the underlying flysch bedrock has promoted hillslope and channelized processes to contrasting extents and particularly the occurrence of large landslides on the dip slope flank, the flank averaged beryllium‐10 (¹⁰Be)‐derived denudation rates are very similar and range between 0.20 and 0.26 mm yr^?1. In addition, our denudation rates offer no direct relationship to basin's slope, area, steepness or concavity index, but reveal a positive correlation to mean basin elevation that we interpret as having been controlled by climatically driven factors such as frost‐induced processes and orographic precipitation. Our findings illustrate that while the landscape properties in this part of the northern Alpine border can mainly be related to the tectonic architecture of the underlying bedrock, the denudation rates have a strong orographic control through elevation dependent mean annual temperature and precipitation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

沩水流域土地景观格局对河流水质的影响

以红壤丘陵区沩水流域为研究区域,运用GIS空间分析及统计分析的方法,探讨了流域土地景观格局对河流水质的影响。结果表明：① 林地面积百分比与电导率(COND)、综合污染指数(Pr)相关性指数分别达-1.000、-0.997,呈显著负相关;耕地面积百分比与COND、总磷(TP)及土地利用程度综合指数(La)与COND、Pr呈显著正相关。② 斑块数量(NP)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)与COND、Pr相关性指数均在0.997以上,呈显著正相关;平均斑块面积(AREA_MN)、蔓延度指数(CONTAG)与COND、Pr及最大斑块指数(LPI)与TP呈显著负相关。③ 从时间上看,所选用的大部分土地景观格局指标与pH值、溶解氧(DO)在丰水期与枯水期的相关性状态相反,且枯水期土地景观格局对河流水质的影响较丰水期更为显著。     

客家文化景观基因特征 ——以湖南省炎陵县为例

以中国南方山丘区具有代表性的客家文化聚居区--炎陵县为例,采用客家文化景观基因的特征提取技术,从民居建筑、传统习俗、地方方言、宗法制度、民间信仰5个角度,提取了炎陵县客家文化景观基因的特征。研究结果表明：1）该县客家人以开放性“围堡式”的血缘宗族聚居模式,与畲、黎、瑶等少数民族通婚繁衍在山丘区的山谷地带;在“入乡随俗”谋求生存发展的环境中,某些方面已适应当地习俗,但仍保留了基本的客家精神及风俗;并以当地炎帝神农文化为主要文化参照,形成了独具炎陵县特色的客家文化。2）该县客家文化的景观基因在不同发生发展过程中有着衣、食、住、行、商等物质性方面的表达载体和地方语言、宗法制度、民间信仰、民情风俗、文化艺术等非物质性方面的表达形式。     

厦门岛会展中心海滩养护及其对我国海岸防护的启示

硬式护岸是传统的海岸防护手段.近几十年来,以养护海滩为主的软式护岸已成为欧美发达国家海岸防护的主要措施,而我国尚处于起步阶段.本文以厦门岛会展中心海岸养滩实践为例,通过分析其海岸地貌演变历史、数值模拟养滩工程方案及定期观测海滩养护后剖面的变化,论述了该工程的必要性和可行性,以及养护后海滩的稳定性.同时,结合发达国家护岸的发展趋势,对我国的护岸转型作了思考.研究表明厦门岛会展中心海滩养护工程的施工使该海岸防护方式由硬式转变为软式,工程完成后为期半年的剖面监测数据显示单位宽度留存的沙量平均为381.4 m3/m,为施工初期平均值440 m3/m的86.7％,表明该海滩基本稳定.海滩养护可以修复受损的海滩或者营造新的滨海沙滩,改善滨海城市环境,提高城市品位,促进城市滨海旅游的发展,进而带动社会经济的发展,具有社会、经济、环境、生态等多方面的效应.我国海岸防护观念正在由传统的硬结构护岸转向软式的沙滩护岸,海滩养护将是我国未来海岸防护的一种更好的措施.     

广西巴马县水晶宫洞穴沉积物特征及其沉积环境

巴马县水晶宫洞内次生化学沉积物景观丰富,类型多样,有石钟乳、石幔、石瀑布、石笋、石柱、石盾等特色景观;尤其是近期仍在发育的洞顶鹅管、卷曲石、石花等是国内外较为罕见的洞穴奇景。据沉积物的沉积类型、物质成分、沉积序次及测年等资料研究表明,水晶宫洞穴沉积物形成于晚第三纪以来。晚第三纪和第四纪早更新世早期,洞内沉积主要为外源水携带的硅质岩、砂岩类砾石沉积形成的钙华砾石层。早更新世中期—中更新世气候温暖湿润,是水晶宫洞穴主要景观的形成期,沉积物景观宏大而壮观,230Th-U系测年得出其分别形成于100～35万年前。晚更新世早期12.5～9万年的末次间冰期主要为温暖气候环境,洞内仅有少量的石笋沉积,且极少保存;9万年后气候环境发生突变,更不利沉积物发育和保存;自4万年后气候环境开始表现为温暖湿润,化学沉积活跃,洞穴沉积物主要由高约50～150 cm的纯白色石笋群和钟乳石组成,为洞穴奇景的形成期,230Th-U系测年得出其分别形成于40 ka BP和7 500 a BP以及1 450 a BP。晚更新世晚期以来形成的洞穴沉积物景观,不仅为水晶宫提供了丰富的旅游资源和价值,同时也为广西重建古气候环境提供了重要的信息载体。      

滩涂围垦对东台海岸带景观格局影响研究

借助遥感和GIS技术,通过景观格局指数的计算,来分析围垦对东台海岸带景观格局的影响。研究发现,1995-2006年间,围垦区海岸带景观破碎化程度减弱,斑块形状的多样性和复杂性程度降低,景观格局态势朝单一化方向发展,景观异质性在整体上有减弱的趋势。然而,在空间上景观格局的变化又有异于整体。主要表现为:农业区破碎化程度减弱,斑块形状简单化,景观格局朝均衡化分布;笆斗区破碎化程度加剧,斑块形状复杂化,优势斑块碱篷被耕地替代;三仓区破碎化程度加剧,斑块形状趋于复杂,由滩地、碱篷为主的景观格局演变成滩地、耕地、碱篷比重势均的格局。总之,围垦区内自然景观的破碎度增强,各斑块类型的形状日渐复杂,景观空间结构趋于复杂化。     

Riparian vegetation dynamics across two different landscapes along the river Cauvery in the Kodagu region of Western Ghats

Decades of commercial planting and other anthropogenic processes are posing a threat to the riparian landscapes of the Cauvery river basin, which supports a high floral diversity. Despite this, the habitats in the upstream sections of the River Cauvery are still intact, as they are located in sacred groves. To understand the dynamism of riparian forests exposed to anthropogenic pressures, the upstream stretch of Cauvery extending from Kushalanagara to Talacauvery (~102 km) was categorized into two landscapes: agro ecosystem and sacred (i.e. preserved). The tree species were sampled using belt transects at 5 km intervals and the regeneration status of endemic species assessed using quadrats. A total of 128 species belonging to 47 families, and representing 1,590 individuals, was observed. Amongst them, 65% of unique species were exclusive to sacred landscapes. A rarefaction plot confirmed higher species richness for the sacred compared to the agro ecosystem landscapes, and diversity indices with more evenness in distribution were evident in sacred landscapes. A significant loss of endemic tree species in the agro ecosystem landscapes was found. Overall, this study demonstrates that an intense biotic pressure in terms of plantations and other anthropogenic activities have altered the species composition of the riparian zone in non-sacred areas. A permanent policy implication is required for the conservation of riparian buffers to avoid further ecosystem degradation and loss of biodiversity.