The evolution of pore pressure fields around standard and ball penetrometers: influence of penetration rate

Rate effects are examined in the steady pore pressure distribution induced as a result of penetration of standard and ball penetrometers. The incompressible flow field, which develops around the penetrometer is used to define the approximate soil velocity field local to the penetrometer tip. This prescribes the Lagrangian framework for the migration of the fluid saturated porous medium, defining the advection of induced pore pressures relative to the pressure‐monitoring locations present on the probe face. In two separate approaches, different source functions are used to define the undrained pore fluid pressures developed either (i) on the face of the penetrometer or (ii) in the material comprising the failure zone surrounding the penetrometer tip. In the first, the sources applied at the tip face balance the volume of fluid mobilized by the piston displacement of the advancing penetrometer. Alternately, a fluid source distribution is evaluated from plasticity solutions and distributed throughout the tip process zone: for a standard penetrometer, the solution is for the expansion of a spherical cavity, and for the ball penetrometer, the solution is an elastic distribution of stresses conditioned by the limit load embedded within an infinite medium. For the standard penetrometer, the transition from drained to undrained behavior occurs over about two orders of magnitude in penetration rate for pore pressures recorded at the tip (U1) and about two‐and‐a‐half orders of magnitude for the shoulder (U2). This response is strongly influenced by the rigidity of the soil and slightly influenced by the model linking induced total stresses to pore pressures. For the ball penetrometer, the transition from drained to undrained behavior also transits two‐and‐a‐half orders of magnitude in penetration rate, although it is offset to higher dimensionless penetration rates than for standard penetration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

从花岗岩中提纯某些单矿物的流程

本文经多年的人工重砂分析,从花岗岩中分离提纯出二十多种单矿物,从而总结了一套分离提纯花岗岩单矿物的简易流程。此流程设备简单,成本低,只要与人工精淘密切配合,可获得纯度较高的单矿物。     

单柱离子色谱测定二氧化锰产品中无机阴离子杂质

采用了单柱离子色谱法测ＭｎＯ２产品中无机离子杂质；提出了消除干扰的可行途径，将Ｌａ（ＯＨ）３加入后能同时消除进样峰的干扰和溶剂峰的出现。选用１．７５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ邻苯二甲酸１．７５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ三羟甲基氨基甲烷为混合淋洗剂测定Ｆ＾－，Ｃｌ＾－，ＮＯ３＾和ＳＯ＾２－４，其标准加入回收率为９５％－１０５％；ＲＳＤ（ｎ＝７）为２．４７％－８．０８％。     

用单钻孔资料和岩层复平求面理倾斜的通用公式探讨

用改进的数学公式,便于用单钻孔资料和岩层复平求面理倾斜、求岩层厚度、求地层断距等多个课题。     

The influence of aerosol particle composition on cloud droplet formation

A difference in partitioning between cloud droplets and interstitial air for two chemical species (elemental carbon and sulphur) with different expected behaviour in nucleation scavenging was observed in clouds at Mt. Kleiner Feldberg (825 m asl), near Frankfurt, Germany. The fraction of sulphur incorporated in cloud droplets was always higher than the fraction of elemental carbon. This difference in partitioning has also been observed in fog but under different pollution conditions in the Po Valley, Italy. Both these studies were based on bulk samples. In the present study at Kleiner Feldberg, impactor samples of the particles in the interstitial air and the cloud droplet residuals were taken and a single particle analysis was done on the samples. It was found that, for a given particle size, the majority of particles forming cloud droplets were soluble and that insoluble particles preferentially remained in the interstitial air.     

长城系团山子组火山岩颗粒锆石U－Pb年龄及其地质意义

蓟县中－上元古界典型剖面之邻区平谷县境内，长城系团山子组连续发育两层厚度各为１ｍ左右的富钾粗面安山岩，发育气孔构造和绳状构造。其中存在三种不同成因类型锆石，应用颗粒锆石Ｕ－Ｐｂ测定年龄技术，得到：（１）自生锆石，其Ｕ－Ｐｂ不一致上交点年龄为１６８３±６７Ｍａ，代表该火山岩形成年龄；（２）捕获锆石，多为原碎屑锆石，较年轻的一种捕获锆石的２０７Ｐｂ／２０６Ｐｂ表面年龄为１８２３±６８Ｍａ，这限定了长城系底界年龄应新于１８２３Ｍａ；（３）后生热液锆石，其Ｕ－Ｐｂ年龄为４６０Ｍａ左右，反映后期热液事件发生的时代。     

内蒙古东五分子地区韧性剪切变质作用的特征

东五分子地区花岗-绿岩地体经受了三种类型变质作用的改造。韧性剪切带不仅控制了区域变质岩组合的分布,而且也导致其变质作用的强度出现了逆转序列。根据岩石的结构、碎斑含量及矿物成分,韧性剪切变质岩划分为三类,其共同特点是具有碎斑结构。其变形结构分为单矿物型及组合型。同一块韧性剪切变质岩由处在单变平衡的一组矿物组成。根据岩石变形及重结晶的特点,结合其产状,确定出两种不同类型韧性剪切变质带。共生矿物对的研究证明它们形成于地壳不同深度及温度、压力条件。本区的金矿化、运移、沉淀与韧性剪切变质带紧密相关。     

灰色系统理论在单桩静载荷试验中的应用

为了通过预测单桩沉降量去估算其极限承载力,基于静载荷试验所得的桩基沉降量具有灰指数律特征,将荷载Q看作广义的时间,建立了荷载序列的等步长及非等步长GM （1,1）预测模型.工程实例证明,所建立的灰色预测模型具有较好的实用性和创新性.     

一种附约束的单频单历元GPS双差相位解算方法

在各类变形观测中，存在着2次观测的变形值不大及各种变形方向和大小可以比较精确预测等特点，可以把这些特征作为约束条件，对GPS单历元相位观测方程进行求解。基于以上几点，提出了一种含约束条件的单频单历元GPS相位求解算法和简单实用的模糊度搜索方法，本方法据观测值直接估计模糊度参数，并根据求出的模糊度估值进行搜索，还分析了最优解的获得和检验方法，最后用2个实例说明了该法的有效性和实用性。