Radiative forcing over China due to albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990–2010

Land cover change affects surface radiation budget and energy balance by chang- ing surface albedo and further impacts the regional and global climate. In this article, high spatial and temporal resolution satellite products were used to analyze the driving mechanism for surface albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990-2010. In addition, the annual-scale radiative forcing caused by surface albedo changes in China＇s 50 ecological regions were calculated to reveal the biophysical mechanisms of land cover change affecting climate change at regional scale. Our results showed that the national land cover changes were mainly caused by land reclamation, grassland desertification and urbanization in past 20 years, which were almost induced by anthropogenic activities. Grassland and forest area decreased by 0.60% and 0.11%, respectively. The area of urban and farmland increased by 0.60% and 0.19%, respectively. The mean radiative forcing caused by land cover changes during 1990-2010 was 0.062 W/m2 in China, indicating a warming climate effect. However, spatial heterogeneity of radiative forcing was huge among different ecological regions. Farmland conversing to urban construction land, the main type of land cover change for the urban and suburban agricultural ecological region in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, caused an albedo reduction by 0.00456 and a maximum positive radiative forcing of 0.863 WIm2, which was presented as warming climate effects. Grassland and forest conversing to farmland, the main type of land cover change for the temperate humid agricultural and wetland ecological region in Sanjiang Plain, caused an albedo increase by 0.00152 and a maximum negative radiative forcing of 0.184 W/m2, implying cooling climate effects.     

The total operating characteristic to measure diagnostic ability for multiple thresholds

The relative operating characteristic (ROC) is a popular statistical method to measure the association between observed and diagnosed presence of a characteristic. The diagnosis of presence or absence depends on whether the value of an index variable is above a threshold. ROC considers multiple possible thresholds. Each threshold generates a two-by-two contingency table, which contains four central entries: hits, misses, false alarms, and correct rejections. ROC reveals for each threshold only two ratios, hits/(hits + misses) and false alarms/(false alarms + correct rejections). This article introduces the total operating characteristic (TOC), which shows the total information in the contingency table for each threshold. TOC maintains desirable properties of ROC, while TOC reveals strictly more information than ROC in a manner that makes TOC more useful than ROC. We illustrate the concepts with an application to land change science.     

基于微观视角的农村居民点发展评价与布局优化——以陕西省重点示范镇沙河子镇为例

将生态位态势理论应用于农村居民点布局研究,从发展水平和发展潜力两方面选取指标分别作为发展"态"和发展"势"的评价因素,构建农村居民点发展评价模型,对居民点的发展实力划分等级。然后结合加权Voronoi图,明确各发展等级居民点的搬迁去向,从而实现全镇整治分区规划。沙河子镇农村居民点的发展实力可划分为高、中、低和不适宜发展4个等级;农村居民点整体发展较好,高、中发展实力级的居民点用地面积为304.07hm2,占全区的84.23%;具有明显的地形分异特征,其发展等级呈现由中部向南北两侧递减的趋势;全镇以农村居民点城镇化为整理重点,划分为城镇化区、优先发展区、改造发展区和控制发展区4种整治分区。结合生态位态势理论和加权Voronoi图的农村居民点合理布局研究具有较强的现实指导意义。     

基于地块图斑单元的湖南省土地生态承载力评价

从人口、资源、环境、发展之间的关系入手,充分利用土地调查、地质调查、水文地质、环境地质调查、土壤普查、农业普查等成果和资料信息,以地块图斑为分析单元,以地理信息系统、遥感技术以及数学模型分析为手段,采用层次分析法和综合指数法对湖南省土地生态承载力进行分析和评价.研究表明,湖南省土地生态承载力地域差异明显,整体处于由低层次的不均衡逐渐向高层次的均衡方向发展.     

平原农区典型县域土地非农化对乡村系统的影响

科学揭示土地非农化与乡村发展之间的作用机理是促进城乡一体化健康发展的必然需求.本文选取了平原农区典型县域山东省禹城市和桓台县作为研究区,通过分析不同发展阶段县域土地非农化与乡村系统演化特征,剖析了县域土地非农化对乡村系统的影响.结果表明:随着县域经济由低级向高级阶段演进,土地非农化的规模与比重呈现增长态势,乡村系统整体处于正向演化态势,禹城市和桓台县E指数分别由0.295和0.197增至0.798与0.700.土地非农化对乡村系统的影响是一个由弱变强的过程,土地非农化比重的增加会带来乡村一些要素的剧烈变化,其中,乡村经济子系统与社会子系统对土地非农化过程的敏感性较强.构建乡村人口转移与农地规模经营的保障机制,规范土地利用规划与管理,增强县域辐射能力,是平原农区土地非农化与乡村转型发展的调控重点.     

A new insight into land use classification based on aggregated mobile phone data

Land-use classification is essential for urban planning. Urban land-use types can be differentiated either by their physical characteristics (such as reflectivity and texture) or social functions. Remote sensing techniques have been recognized as a vital method for urban land-use classification because of their ability to capture the physical characteristics of land use. Although significant progress has been achieved in remote sensing methods designed for urban land-use classification, most techniques focus on physical characteristics, whereas knowledge of social functions is not adequately used. Owing to the wide usage of mobile phones, the activities of residents, which can be retrieved from the mobile phone data, can be determined in order to indicate the social function of land use. This could bring about the opportunity to derive land-use information from mobile phone data. To verify the application of this new data source to urban land-use classification, we first construct a vector of aggregated mobile phone data to characterize land-use types. This vector is composed of two aspects: the normalized hourly call volume and the total call volume. A semi-supervised fuzzy c-means clustering approach is then applied to infer the land-use types. The method is validated using mobile phone data collected in Singapore. Land use is determined with a detection rate of 58.03%. An analysis of the land-use classification results shows that the detection rate decreases as the heterogeneity of land use increases, and increases as the density of cell phone towers increases.     

高光谱遥感土地质量指标信息提取研究进展

高光谱遥感技术已成为提取土地质量指标的前沿技术之一。该文回顾了国内外高光谱遥感技术在土地质量指标提取中的研究进展,总结归纳了作为土地生态系统载体的土壤属性质量指标和反映生态系统结构功能的质量指标中的土壤有机质、全氮、土壤水分、铁氧化物、土壤重金属、土壤质地、土壤盐分、植被覆盖度、生物量、指示种10个指标的提取、敏感波段选择与反演方法,指出研究中存在的问题,最后展望了高光谱遥感技术在土地质量指标提取研究中的应用前景。     

中国主要城市地价重心迁移及驱动因素研究

城市地价直接影响着城市的房地产市场和城市土地开发利用,从而影响城市的经济社会发展,及时掌握城市地价的发展规律,根据城市地价及时调整制定相关政策,是政府对土地市场进行调控的关键。利用重心模型,在测算和分析2000-2012年49个主要城市的综合地价重心位置及其变化规律的基础上,探讨了驱动中国城市地价重心迁移的因素。结果显示,中国主要城市地价重心始终位于区域几何中心的东南方向,但东西方向上的差异逐渐缩小,南北方向上的差异则逐渐扩大,地价重心迁移轨迹可以分为3个阶段和1个突变年。城市规模、经济发展水平、基础设施和城市区位等因素驱动着城市地价重心的迁移。     

天然气水合物和地热资源组合评价方法

近年来的研究表明,海洋中天然气水合物的成藏和分布受温度的影响较大,一些海域中的天然气水合物资源与地热资源同时存在且有一定的分布规律。在利用地热开采天然气水合物基础上把2种资源结合起来利用,将会对海洋天然气水合物的开发有重要意义。参考组合评价相关经验公式,基于该开采方法对天然气水合物和地热资源组合评价提出了相关的方法研究,并通过实例应用,丰富了该开采方法的可行性的论证,并对于2种资源的综合利用的靶区优选有一定的指导作用。     

近40年来海州湾海岸线时空变化分析

以Landsat MSS、TM、ETM+影像和HJ-1A CCD1影像为数据源,对海州湾大陆海岸线1973-2013年的变迁进行了连续监测,定量获取了海岸线信息,解译了岸线摆动区内土地利用类型,对近40 a来海州湾大陆海岸线时空变化和海岸开发方式进行了系统分析.结果表明:海州湾岸线长度及类型动态变化显著,岸线长度整体增加,海湾面积不断减少,岸线类型以人工岸线为主;岸线整体向海推进导致陆域面积净增65.54 km2,变迁速率时空分布不均,变迁主要发生在岚山港、绣针河口至柘汪河口、兴庄河口至西墅、连云港港岸段,城镇扩张导致20t0-2013年变迁最为剧烈,速率达122.9m/a;海岸人为开发是海州湾岸线变化的主导因素,且开发方式时间异质性显著,早期以盐业、养殖业为主,20世纪80年代开始港口码头建设比例显著增加,进入新世纪以来,用于城镇建设的围填海规模大幅增长,尤其是2010年之后已成为海州湾地区海岸开发的首要方式.