松辽坳陷深水湖盆层序界面特征及低位域沉积模式

白垩系青山口组到嫩江组沉积时期,松辽盆地为深水坳陷湖盆,沿长轴方向为缓坡,而在短轴方向为陡坡。缓坡条件下,三级层序界面表现为沉积相带的迁移,地震剖面上的超削反射终止特征不明显,陡坡条件下,三级层序界面不仅表现为沉积相带的迁移,而且在地震剖面上的超削反射终止特征十分明显。在层序内部均可识别出低位域、水进域和高位域。在层序的低位域,沿盆地长轴方向,三角洲水下分流河道十分发育,在河口的前方形成分布较广、相对较薄的河口坝、远砂坝沉积及湖底扇;沿短轴方向,三角洲水下分流河道不发育,而发育河口坝和远砂坝,向湖区方向,过渡为前三角洲和深湖沉积,在前三角洲和深湖沉积区发育大量重力流成因的湖底扇。     

广西百色盆地东部古近系那读组湖相灰岩

百色盆地东部田东坳陷那坤地区古近系那读组三段下部发育一套数米至数十米厚的湖相灰岩,岩石以浅灰色-灰色、含大量的螺蚌化石和具核形石结构为特征,间夹有薄层的泥岩、钙质泥质粉砂岩。本文在实测地表剖面和详细观察岩心的基础上,仔细研究了此套灰岩的岩石学特征。依据丰富的原生沉积构造、古生物化石标志以及沉积地球化学、测井相特征将湖相灰岩的沉积相划分为滨湖、颗粒滩、浅湖三个亚相以及灰泥坪、沼泽、颗粒坪、滩缘、滩核、滩间水道、灰泥浅湖、泥质浅湖等八个微相,并详细地研究了各微相的沉积特征。结合该灰岩的区域分布和沉积相的平面展布格局指出沉积相主体属于浅湖的颗粒滩,并提出了相应的沉积相模式。     

我国西部地区湖泊水资源利用与湖水咸化状况分析

湖泊咸化是指湖水含盐量逐步增加．湖泊由淡水湖向咸水湖、再向盐湖和干盐湖的演化过程,这是我国西部干旱、半干旱地区湖泊普遍存在的一种现象。在大量调查的基础上,分析了我国西部干旱、半干旱地区近几十年来湖泊萎缩咸化的状况,湖泊变化的所产生的原因,并初步提出改善我国西部地区湖泊水资源利用的对策。     

Distribution Characteristics of Effective Source Rocks and Their Control on Hydrocarbon Accumulation: A Case Study from the Dongying Sag, Eastern China

The exploration conducted in the Bohai Bay basin, eastern China has demonstrated that the abundant petroleum resources have close affinities to the hydrocarbon kitchen with rich organic matter. A number of oil-generating associations with various characteristics of organic geochemistry and assemblages of multiple reservoir facies are developed due to the multi-center sedimentation, multi-source supply and multi-cycle evolution of filling, which have resulted in the formation of multiple oil and gas accumulation zones of various layers and trap styles. Among them the Paleogene Shahejie Formation is the most important hydrocarbon accumulation combination in the Dongying sag. Heretofore, its proved reserve has reached nearly 1.8×109t, which accounts for more than 90% of the total proved reserves of the Dongying sag. Based on previous studies, more than 600 source rock samples and 186 crude oil samples of the Shahejie Formation, collected from 30 oilfields, have been treated with organic geochemical testing     

The lacustrine microbial carbonate factory of the successive Lake Bonneville and Great Salt Lake,Utah, USA

The Bonneville Basin is a continental lacustrine system accommodating extensive microbial carbonate deposits corresponding to two distinct phases: the deep Lake Bonneville (30 000 to 11 500 ¹⁴C bp ) and the shallow Great Salt Lake (since 11 500 ¹⁴C bp ). A characterization of these microbial deposits and their associated sediments provides insights into their spatio‐temporal distribution patterns. The Bonneville phase preferentially displays vertical distribution of the microbial deposits resulting from high‐amplitude lake level variations. Due to the basin physiography, the microbial deposits were restricted to a narrow shoreline belt following Bonneville lake level variations. Carbonate production was more efficient during intervals of relative lake level stability as recorded by the formation of successive terraces. In contrast, the Great Salt Lake microbial deposits showed a great lateral distribution, linked to the modern flat bottom configuration. A low vertical distribution of the microbial deposits was the result of the shallow water depth combined with a low amplitude of lake level fluctuations. These younger microbial deposits display a higher diversity of fabrics and sizes. They are distributed along an extensive ‘shore to lake’ transect on a flat platform in relation to local and progressive accommodation space changes. Microbial deposits are temporally discontinuous throughout the lake history showing longer hiatuses during the Bonneville phase. The main parameters controlling the rate of carbonate production are related to the interaction between physical (kinetics of the mineral precipitation, lake water temperature and runoff), chemical (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and HCO₃^? concentrations, Mg/Ca ratio, dilution and depletion) and/or biological (trophic) factors. The contrast in evolution of Lake Bonneville and Great Salt Lake microbial deposits during their lacustrine history leads to discussions on major chemical and climatic changes during this interval as well as the role of physiography. Furthermore, it provides novel insights into the composition, structure and formation of microbialite‐rich carbonate deposits under freshwater and hypersaline conditions.     

青藏高原北部冰前湖沉积记录的中晚全新世冰川活动

青藏高原的冰川为亚洲地区大多数人口提供了重要的水资源,研究青藏高原的冰川活动历史有助于预估未来气候变化条件下的冰川响应。本文通过对羌塘腹地布若错沉积物岩芯的粒度、元素以及总有机碳等指标进行分析,重建了该流域中晚全新世以来的冰川活动历史。结果表明,布若错流域在5.2~4.0 cal.ka B.P.期间,冰川退缩,气候相对温暖;然而,4.0 cal.ka B.P.以来环境逐渐变干,印度季风持续减弱;随着3.2 cal.ka B.P.左右大规模的冰川前进,布若错流域进入新冰期,并受到较强西风的影响,气候寒冷干旱;1.3 cal.ka B.P.以来,流域内冰川仍然维持着较大规模,然而湖面却略有升高,可能反映了西风带来了一定的降水。此外,该流域存在4次显著的冰川前进事件,它们分别发生在3.6~3.4 cal.ka B.P.、3.2~2.3 cal.ka B.P.、1.9~1.7 cal.ka B.P.和0.4~0.1 cal.ka B.P.。这4次冷期与青藏高原其他古气候记录对应较好,这种频繁发生的冷事件可能与太阳辐射的长期衰减以及太阳活动的周期性变化有关,热带辐合带的持续南退是季风持续减弱的重要原因;此外,中晚全新世北大西洋的气候变化通过增强的西风环流对该流域产生影响。     

喀喇昆仑断裂北段晚第四纪活动特征及其构造意义

右旋走滑的喀喇昆仑断裂(KK F)作为青藏高原的西部边界, 在印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞引起的陆内变形过程中扮演了重要的角色。近年来KK F北段全新世以来的活动特征存在争议。通过遥感解译和野外观测, 在喀喇昆仑断裂(KK F)的北段——新疆卡拉苏地区, 对KK F及其两条分支断裂的几何学、运动学进行了研究, 获得了现今发育的冰水扇被右旋错断和冰水扇上分布羽列式T张破裂等指示KK F右旋走滑的证据。采集了KK F控制的浅冰水湖相沉积中贝壳的AMS 14C样品, 获得年龄分别为(5.20±0.03) ka、(5.61±0.03) ka 和(9.95±0.04) ka。表明KK F北段晚全新世以来仍在活动, 其右旋走滑速率约为3.7 mm/a, 累计垂向滑移速率约为1.7 mm/a。据前人在KK F中部的研究成果, 推测KK F北段在卡拉苏地区由南东往北西右旋走滑速率有增大的趋势。     

渤海湾盆地北塘凹陷古近系湖相白云岩 地质特征及古环境意义

湖相白云岩是渤海湾盆地北塘凹陷古近系沙河街组三段发现的一种特殊油气储层类型。根据钻井岩心、古生物、薄 片、扫描电镜及电子探针等分析,确定了该套白云岩的主要岩石类型及矿物特征,并通过地球化学特征分析,对白云岩的 形成环境进行了探讨。北塘凹陷白云岩常与泥岩和方沸石岩呈互层状产出,其次为均匀块状;矿物成分主要有白云石、方 沸石、粘土矿物等。通过X射线衍射、主微量元素地球化学分析,对白云岩形成时的古盐度、古温度、水深、氧化还原条 件等进行了研究,认为研究区白云岩沉积于高盐度、较高水体温度和较高PH值的半咸水湖湾还原环境。海水的侵入使湖水 的含盐度增大,提供了有利的物理化学条件,促进了白云岩的形成。     

Palaeoseismic records in lacustrine sediments—A case study of the Daqingshan piedmont fault and Hasuhai Lake in Inner Mongolia,China

As a traditional method for palaeoseismic studies, trenching can be combined with dating techniques to identify palaeoseismic events and the earthquake recurrence interval. However, when using trenches to study palaeoearthquakes, factors such as the active tectonic background of the earthquake‐caused structure, the lithology on both sides of the fault, the geomorphology location and type and the samples and methods for dating will affect the location of the trench. Thus, trenches should be carefully selected and used to identify the impact of ancient earthquakes. The results have substantial uncertainties and limitations. In recent years, scholars have made considerable progress in using other methods to reveal the palaeoseismic information of faults. Moreover, the history of fault activity may have been recorded in the lacustrine sediment adjacent to the fault. Hasuhai Lake is adjacent to the middle segment of the Daqingshan piedmont fault in Inner Mongolia. Since the Holocene, the region has experienced a temperate continental semi‐arid climate with little interference, and Hasuhai Lake and peripheral waters present weak hydrodynamic conditions that provide an ideal location for the study of palaeoseismic records in lacustrine sediments. Sediment samples and samples for dating were collected from three trenches excavated on the periphery of the Hasuhai Lake. Their variations in grain size and magnetic susceptibility revealed that wind and flowing water jointly produced the sedimentary conditions of Hasuhai sediments. The ¹⁴C dating results and variations in the grain size distribution, grain size components and magnetic susceptibility of sediments caused by seismic events obtained in this study were compared with those caused by a series of palaeoseismic events at the middle segment of the Daqingshan piedmont fault reported by previous studies using trenches, knickpoints and palaeosol records. The results identified seven palaeoseismic events recorded near Hasuhai Lake since 12,000 years. The combined use of lacustrine sediment variation characteristics and dating techniques is an effective method for studying palaeoseismic events.     

济阳坳陷古近纪沟鞭藻分子化石的分布与控制因素

济阳坳陷古近纪沟鞭藻化石十分丰富,沟鞭藻为有机质富集层的形成作出了重要贡献。三芳甲藻甾烷和甲藻甾烷是沟鞭藻及其祖先在古代沉积物中两种重要的存在形式,并且它们几乎专一性地由沟鞭藻提供。研究发现,沟鞭藻的不同属种,德弗兰藻属、多刺甲藻属、渤海藻类等,均可以提供丰富的三芳甲藻甾烷和甲藻甾烷,但是三芳甲藻甾烷和甲藻甾烷对沉积环境的变化具有不同的响应。在淡水、半咸水、咸水等不同水介质条件下,三芳甲藻甾烷指数稳定分布在0.50～0.96之间,高丰度的三芳甲藻甾烷与地层中丰富的沟鞭藻化石相一致,因而三芳甲藻甾烷是指示沟鞭藻输入的有效分子化石。甲藻甾烷的丰度与古沉积环境存在密切关系,高盐环境有利于甲藻甾烷的形成和保存,随着盐度的降低甲藻甾烷指数在0.04～0.74这样一个较大的范围内变化,其发育程度与有机质沉降过程中和成岩作用早期遭受的微生物降解作用有关,强烈的生物降解不利于甲藻甾烷的保存。