与挠曲作用相关的一种特殊裂缝形成机制

浙江省临安市上侏罗统劳村组火山凝灰岩露头中发育了很多与挠曲相关的裂缝, 地层构造简单、露头良好, 为研究与挠曲相关裂缝提供了良好的条件.通过对两处野外露头的精细测量, 发现裂缝面平直、且未被充填, 均为构造裂缝, 在剖面上裂缝的组合呈扇形.裂缝面与岩层层面夹角为44°~80°, 裂缝密度随着地层厚度的增加而增加.根据裂缝面与层面的交切关系, 将两组裂缝分别命名为: 锐夹角指示邻层相对运动方向的D裂缝和锐夹角指示本层相对运动方向的D’裂缝.通过对地层挠曲变形的几何分析, 发现两组裂缝的形成是为了调节核部地层在变形过程中产生缩短量和剩余剪切, 地层厚度与地层中产生剩余剪切成正比.结果表明, 地层厚度越大, 形成的裂缝也越多.      

64排螺旋CT对胫骨平台隐匿性骨折的诊断及临床意义

目的:探讨64排螺旋CT对胫骨平台隐匿性骨折的诊断价值及临床意义。方法:收集2008年1月至2011年12月连续21例门急诊下肢外伤后普通X线平片表现为阴性及可疑骨折,64排螺旋CT检查确诊为胫骨平台骨折患者影像资料,并重新采用多层面重建(MPR);容积显示(VR)和最大灰度重建(MIP)等多种后处理技术进行回顾性分析。结果:MDCT3D共显示SchatzkerⅠ型10例;Ⅱd型4例;Ⅲ3例;Ⅳ型2例;Ⅳ型1例和Ⅴ型1例。结论:64排螺旋CT联合应用多种重建技术对胫骨平台隐匿性骨折的评价是可靠和准确的。可以准确评估21例胫骨平台骨折的部位、类型、程度及并发症等。明显提高了诊断准确性,避免了普通平片对胫骨平台隐匿性骨折的漏诊及误诊。可为临床采取及时有效的治疗提供更准确、更丰富的诊断信息。     

南大巴山前陆冲断褶皱带断裂流体地球化学特征及构造保存研究

南大巴山前陆构造带位于城口断裂与铁溪-巫溪断裂之间,为研究该构造带断裂对烃类运移及构造对页岩气保存的影响,本文对该构造带内断裂流体的碳氧同位素和流体包裹体进行了测试分析。测试结果显示,研究区断裂流体碳氧同位素整体较围岩更为分散,δ~(13)C_(PDB)介于-2.9‰~3.9‰之间,属正常海相碳酸盐层的碳同位素值,坪坝断裂附近δ~(13)C_(PDB)呈明显亏损,具外来流体混合的特征。流体包裹体为含烃的气液二相盐水包裹体,气相成分为CH_4,液相为H_2O。包裹体均一温度以城口断裂附近最高,主要为311~336℃,频率峰值温度为328℃;往南叠瓦带流体均一温度主要位于183~269℃之间,峰值为230℃,断褶带峰值为213℃,滑脱褶皱带为170℃,整体表现为向盆内方向降低。盐度主要为4.43%~8.6%NaCl。研究表明,城口断裂作为大巴山构造带南北分界的主干断裂,古流体的形成温度和热演化程度最高,且从盆地向北至城口断裂,各构造带流体的热演化程度、成岩温度、古流体压力均逐渐升高,说明随着构造活动的增强,构造带中的流体更为活跃,持续时间更长,导致流体形成的深度和温度变化较大。构造带内的流体总体上形成于封闭体系,在主构造应力的驱动下,盆地深部含烃流体沿断裂向浅部运移,并与浅部地层流体发生混合,运移通道整体处于封闭状态;而构造带内的一些次级断裂,因其形成的时间以及向下延伸的深度不足以触及下古生界烃源岩层,因此其对流体封闭性的影响有限。     

塔西南甫沙地区被动顶板双重构造和乌泊尔地区背驮盆地的数值模拟

塔里木盆地西南缘前陆褶皱冲断带发育被动顶板双重构造(甫沙地区)和背驮盆地(乌泊尔地区)两种明显不同的构造类型。为了探讨它们的不同成因,利用有限差分软件FLAC开展了一系列二维数值模拟研究。采用遵循平面应变的黏弹塑性本构模型,设置两个滑脱层和三个能干层。同时考虑基底沉降、同构造剥蚀和沉积,缩短速率为8mm/a,剥蚀速率为每年侵蚀基准面以上高程的3×10-7(相当于每1000m每年剥蚀0.3mm)。在基底水平的情况下,采用均一的沉降速率1.6mm/a并以填平补齐的方式进行沉积时,3.5 Ma后发育成与甫沙地区相似的被动顶板双重构造。而当模型采用中部小两端大的拱形沉降速度以及填平补齐的沉积时最终发育成背驮盆地,和乌泊尔地区地质原型接近。模拟结果表明,同构造沉积地层对褶皱冲断带的影响巨大,当沉积物大量堆积在褶皱冲断带前缘时有利于被动顶板双重构造的形成,而沉积物大量堆积在逆冲楔顶与斜坡时则更有利于背驮盆地的发生。模拟结果认为甫沙地区和乌泊尔地区都接受了填平补齐的沉积方式,但基底沉降差异造成了两者的构造样式明显不同。在小范围内(后陆至前陆小于80km),甫沙地区基底以水平方式发生沉降,褶皱冲断带前缘接受了大量沉积;而乌泊尔地区基底在挤压下发生弯曲,使得后陆发生了更大的沉降从而接受了更多的沉积。     

Reconstructing the Cryogenian–Ediacaran evolution of the Porongos fold and thrust belt,Southern Brasiliano Orogen,based on Zircon U–Pb–Hf–O isotopes

The Neoproterozoic geotectonic triad of the Brasiliano Orogen is reconstructed in southern Brazil from studies focused on the Porongos fold and thrust belt. We integrate field geology with isotopic studies of zircon U–Pb SHRIMP and Lu–Hf–O laser determinations in seven metasedimentary and three metavolcanic rock samples. The results indicate that the Porongos palaeo-basin was derived from mixed sources (3200–550 Ma), with major contributions from Rhyacian (2170 Ma) and Ediacaran (608 Ma) sources. Minor contributions from Archaean to Tonian sources are also registered. The maximum depositional age of the Porongos palaeo-basin is established by the age range of 650–550 Ma with T_DM model ages between 2.5 and 1.3 Ga. The reworked signature (ε_Hf values = ?34 to ?4) and the characteristic crustal magma reservoirs (δ¹⁸O ≥5.3 ‰) indicate that these sediments are equivalent to Neoproterozoic granites of the Dom Feliciano Belt. The episodic depositional history started in the Cryogenian (650 Ma) and lasted until the Ediacaran (most likely 570 Ma). A magmatic event of Tonian age is recorded in rhyodacite samples interleaved with the metasedimentary rocks and dated at 773, 801, and 809 Ma. The crustal evolution of the Sul-Riograndense Shield included mountain building, folding and thrusting and flexural subsidence in the foreland. An orogenic triad is revealed as the Pelotas Batholith, the Porongos fold and thrust belt and the Camaquã Basin, all part of the Dom Feliciano Belt.     

Reconstructions of the Mesozoide structures in the eastern Amur-Okhotsk fold system, Far East

The late Jurassic reconstruction for the Ul’ban synclinorium was proposed based on the lithological and structural similarity of the Upper Permian and Mesozoic complexes of the Yankan-Dzhagdy and Ul’ban lithotectonic zones of the Amur-Okhotsk fold system. It was suggested that the Un’ya-Bom subzone of the Yankan-Dzhagdy LTZ is a fragment of the Ul’ban synclinorium (including its eastern centroclinal closure) that was detached and westward displaced (for 400–600 km) in the first half of the Cretaceous.     

Structural Evolution of the Eastern Qiulitagh Fold and Thrust Belt,Northern Tarim Basin,China

The eastern Qiulitagh fold and thrust belt (EQFTB) is part of the active Kuqa fold and thrust belts of the northern Tarim Basin. Seismic reflection profiles have been integrated with surface geologic and drill data to examine the deformation and structure style of the EQFTB, particularly the deformational history of the Dina 2 gas field. Seismic interpretations suggest that Dongqiu 8 is overall a duplex structure developed beneath a passive roof thrust, which generated from a tipline in the Miocene Jidike Formation, and the sole thrust was initiated from the same Jidike Formation evaporite zone that extends westward beneath the Kuqatawu anticline. Dongqiu 5 is a pop-up structure at the western part of the EQFTB, also developed beneath the Jidike Formation evaporite. Very gentle basement dip and steep dipping topographic slope in the EQFTB suggest that the Jidike Formation salt provides effective decoupling. The strong deformation in the EQFTB appears to have developed further south, in an area where evaporite may be lacking. Since the Pliocene, the EQFTB has moved farther south over the evaporite and reached the Yaken area. Restoring a balanced cross-section suggests that the minimum shortening across the EQFTB is more than 7800 m. Assuming that this shortening occurred during the 5.3 Ma timespan, the shortening rate is approximately 1.47 mm/year.     

Usage of strain and vorticity analyses to interpret large‐scale fold mechanisms along the Sanandaj–Sirjan HP‐LT metamorphic belt,SW Iran

3D finite strain analyses and kinematic vorticity measurements were carried out on the Loghon Anticline within the HP‐LT Sanandaj–Sirjan metamorphic belt (Neyriz area, SW Iran). Rƒ/φ and Fry methods were used on the strain markers (e.g. deformed fossils) to interpret geometric relationships between the fold axis, strain ellipsoid axes and shear zone boundaries. The results indicate the predominance of prolate strain in the anticline. Quantitative kinematic analyses show that the W_k parameter is 0. 67 ± 0. 06 (i.e. pure‐shear dominated non‐coaxial flow). This study quantitatively supports the establishment of a dextral transpressive system, which is responsible for the development of the large‐scale right‐lateral shear zones that strike sub‐parallel to the major folds. Flexural shear combined with regional dextral‐shear is suggested to be the most common mechanism of folding in this area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

川东褶皱带构造发育深度层次与变形样式

地壳上层的结构特征和变形样式在垂直方向上的变化远远大于其在水平维度上的分异。川东褶皱带自晚古生代以来地史演化统一、地层展布稳定,之后新生代盆、山演化分异幅度较大,使得不同深度的地层和基底得以出露,不同地壳深度层次的构造样式得以展示,这为研究应力的垂向分异,提供了很好的条件。本文基于地壳垂直方向上变形几何的不守恒、构造脱耦以及构造层次的概念,通过野外构造现象的详细解析、野外脆性破裂产状统计、断裂之间交切关系以及活动性质观察等综合分析,结合遥感图像研究,对川东褶皱区隔挡式褶皱和隔槽式褶皱形成提出了新的解释模型。以华蓥山与齐岳山为界,川东褶皱带被分为3个呈叠置关系的区域。研究表明华蓥山以西(Ⅰ区)没有发生强烈的构造变形,变形深度最小(<2 km); 华蓥山与齐岳山之间(Ⅱ区)构造样式为在北北东向剪切作用下形成的陡立构造面理,变形深度为2～5 km; 而齐岳山以东(Ⅲ区)的构造样式是发育轴向北东的宽缓褶曲,变形深度为4～6.6 km。研究分析后得出,川东褶皱带在晚古生代以来,没有经历过大幅度的地壳垂向运动和明显的旋转运动,而白垩纪以后,发育了早期北北东向和晚期北东向的两期构造变形。Ⅱ、Ⅲ两区的构造样式发育于同一应力场(北西-南东主应力场),而晚期北东向断裂活动是形成上述3个区域呈现出断块并置的原因。另外,由于后期不同断块抬升和剥露的差异,使3个区域迥异的构造样式呈现在地表。这一认识对研究油气相关的构造圈闭、固体多金属矿产相关的矿床深度问题以及大地构造学等问题都有创新意义。     

Geochemistry and detrital modes of Proterozoic sedimentary rocks,Bayana Basin,north Delhi fold belt: implications for provenance and source-area weathering

Bayana Basin, sited along the eastern margin of the north Delhi fold belt of the Aravalli Craton, contains an ～3000?m-thick sequence comprising one volcanic and seven sedimentary formations of the Delhi Supergroup. The sedimentary units are the Nithar, Jogipura, Badalgarh, Bayana, Damdama, Kushalgarh, and Weir formations in order of decreasing age. Petrographic study of the sandstones as well as major and trace elements (including rare earth elements) and bulk-rock analyses of the shales and sandstones allow the determination of their provenance, source-rock weathering, and basinal tectonic setting. The sandstones are quartz rich and were derived mainly from exhumed granitoids typical of a craton interior. Geochemical patterns of the sandstones and shales are similar. However, trace element abundances are low in sandstones, probably due to quartz dilution. The coarser clastic Damdama and Weir sandstones, which occur at higher stratigraphic levels, have strikingly low trace element concentrations compared with the underlying Bayana and Badalgarh sandstones. All samples show uniform LREE-enriched patterns with negative Eu-anomalies (Eu/Eu*?=?0.16–0.23) and are similar to those of post-Archaean Australian shales (PAAS). However, the (La/Yb) _n ratios (averages 11–18) of all the sedimentary units are higher than those of PAAS, except for the Bayana Sandstone, which has low values (average 6.77). The chemical index of alteration (70–78) and the plagioclase index of alteration (87–97) values and the A–CN–K diagram suggest moderate to intense weathering of the source area.

The provenance analyses indicate that basin sedimentation was discontinuous. It received input from a terrain comprising granitoids, mafic rocks, sedimentary sequences, and tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) suites. The Nithar and Badalgarh sandstones received input from a source consisting predominantly of granitoids. The succeeding Damdama and Weir sandstones received debris from granitoids and TTG in different proportions. The Kushalgarh shale was possibly derived from a source consisting granites and mafic rocks with a TTG component. The pre-existing sedimentary formations also contributed intermittently during the different phases of sedimentation.

Bulk-rock geochemical data suggest Mesoarchaean gneisses and late Archaean granites of BGC/BGGC (Banded Gneissic Complex/Bundelkhand Granitic Gneiss Complex) basement as possible source terrains. These data indicate deposition in a continental rift setting. The coeval formation of many rift-related Proterozoic sedimentary basins in the BGC/BGGC terrain suggests that the North Indian Craton underwent major intracratonic extension during Proterozoic time, probably triggering the break up of Earth's first supercontinent.