Tectonic analysis of progressive secondary deformation in the hinge of a major Caledonian fold nappe,north-western Ireland

Polyphase deformation chronologies established within the mid-crustal portions of orogenic belts have classically been attributed to regional-scale ‘events’ which generate distinct structural sequences that can be directly correlated across large tracts of the orogenic belt. However, concepts of progressive deformation in which minor structures may be continually generated, amplified and redeformed within a unifying kinematic framework suggest that regional correlation of minor structures is both misguided and misleading. Detailed structural analysis of lower amphibolite facies Dalradian metasediments in north-west Ireland does, however, demonstrate that a coherent and meaningful deformation chronology can be established within the framework of individual fold nappes. Protracted deformation has resulted in the generation of a series of overprinting, secondary structures (D₄–D₉), which are kinematically linked to the continued structural evolution and south-east directed translation of the crustal-scale (D₃) Ballybofey (fold) Nappe. Secondary (D₄) crenulation axes initiated at an oblique angle to the direction of nappe transport both rotate and amplify into larger scale folds, which are subparallel to transport and demonstrate successive stages of diachronous folding. Continued nappe-related deformation induces southwards verging contractional (D₅) folds, which are particularly well developed and focused into reactivated ductile (D₃) thrust zones generated during the initial stages of nappe translation. Subsequent to thickening-induced ductile extension and collapse of the nappe, a return to contractional tectonics is marked by major episodes of broad, open buckle folding developed orthogonal to both the overturned limb (D₇) and upper limb (D₈) of the nappe. Detailed structural analysis and investigation of secondary folds and overprinting fabrics provides a valuable insight into the protracted kinematic evolution of major fold nappes.     

不同构造环境下的壳─幔过渡带结构

位于中国西北部的天山造山带与准噶尔盆地是典型的盆岭构造。通过对横跨天山造山带与准噶尔盆地的沙雅-布尔津地学断面地震宽角反射、折射资料进行小波分析,获得了天山造山带与准噶尔盆地壳-幔过渡带的详细结构。结果表明,天山造山带的壳-幔间是以多个薄层过渡的。这些薄层的层厚度2～3km不等,层速度高低相间,总厚度约20km,平均速度较低,接近塔里木盆地下地壳的速度。塔里木盆地北缘与准噶尔盆地的壳-幔间不具有这种特点,其壳-幔间主要表现为一级间断面。而位于中国东北部的间阳-海城-东沟深地震测深剖面所揭示的辽东台隆-辽河盆地-燕山台褶带壳-幔过渡带的结构似乎具有完全相反的特征：辽河盆地的壳-幔过渡带比较复杂,它由数个薄层叠合而成,总厚度达15km;辽东台隆与燕山台褶带壳-幔过渡带结构十分简单,皆以一级间断面过渡为主。研究认为,造成二者差异的主要原因是它们所处的构造环境不同：前者为挤压环境,而后者为伸展环境。在挤压环境下,复杂的壳-幔过渡带形成于造山带的下面;而在伸展环境下,复杂的壳-幔过渡带形成于盆地的下面。壳-幔过渡的复杂程度与构造活动性相联系,在一定程度上反映了岩石圈目前的构造活动水平。     

非线性及其在几种经典地质过程中的表现与初步研究

许多地质现象中蕴涵着非线性．用动力学分析方法进行研究,有可能从中揭示出更为普遍适用的规律,从而逼近其真实过程．本文成冰川、褶皱作用等演化过程作了相应的研究,并对动力学方法在地学中的应用前景进行了讨论．     

Growth structures and growth strata of the Qianjiadian Basin in the western Yanshan fold and thrust belt,North China

The northwestward subduction of the Izanagi Plate beneath the eastern Eurasian Plate during the Late Mesozoic caused a series of compressional deformation events in the Yanshan fold and thrust belt(YFTB), but the tectonic deformation timing, tectonic properties and relationship between tectonic uplift and sediment accumulation in the intermontane basins continue to be debated. For this reason, the sedimentology, sediment provenance, and basin structure of the Qianjiadian Basin(QJB) in the northern Beijing region during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous were studied in detail. The results suggest that a fault-propagation fold-type(FPFT) growth structure and growth strata developed on the western edge of the QJB and that the top part of Member 2 and Member 3 of the Tuchengzi Formation are growth strata controlled by the limb rotation mechanism. In two small thrust faults in the QJB, the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling Formation is thrust over the Tuchengzi Formation, and these faults may have controlled the development of the fault-bend fold-type growth strata. An analysis of the "source-to-sink" process suggests that the hanging wall succession of the Shangyi-Pingquan fault(SPF) was the main source area of the Late Jurassic to early Early Cretaceous strata in the QJB. A zircon206 Pb/238 U age of 140.8±2.4 Ma for the volcanic rocks at the bottom of the FPFT growth strata represents the timing of the initiation of FPFT growth structure development. The discovery of the FPFT growth structure and growth strata in the QJB indicate that the QJB was an intermontane flexural basin controlled by fold and thrust structures during the early Early Cretaceous. Near the E-W-trending SPF, the NE-SW-trending Qianjiadian thrust fault(QJTF) and two small intrabasinal thrust faults may constitute a unified right-lateral strike-slip system that formed in response to the northwestward flat subduction of the Izanagi Plate beneath the East Asian continent during the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous.     

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility as an indicator for palaeocurrent analysis in folded turbidites (Outer Western Carpathians,Poland)

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility is a well-known geological proxy in revealing the directional tectonic and sedimentological features of rocks, although it can be ambiguous in situations where these two factors co-occur. This paper demonstrates the usefulness of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility in determining palaeotransport directions in turbiditic rocks that underwent subsequent thrusting and folding. This study demonstrates that the magnetic lineation is largely unsuitable as a palaeocurrent direction proxy, and suggests that the imbrication of magnetic foliation is better in such cases. Moreover, the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility results were analyzed in reference to a joint and fold study within the framework of the regional structural geology. Magnetic fabric investigations were conducted in the eastern part of the Outer Western Carpathians (south-east Poland). During the study, a total of 191 oriented palaeomagnetic samples were collected from three outcrops (Nasiczne, Dwernik and Hoczew) in the Krosno Beds, Silesian Unit. For the purpose of sedimentological analysis, 121 m of turbidite successions were documented and 126 directional sedimentary structures were measured. The magnetic anisotropy of sandstones revealed typical sedimentary fabrics, often overprinted by variably intense tectonic deformation. Oblate susceptibility ellipsoids from Nasiczne showed tilt coherent with the palaeoflow direction, whereas the rocks from Dwernik and Hoczew contained triaxial magnetic fabric developed during compressional palaeostress. This paper suggests that medium-grained and coarse-grained sandstones, preferably with high mica content, are the most suitable for palaeotransport reconstructions among the studied lithologies.     

断层相关褶皱的几何学模型及其应用

在前陆盆地逆冲带中发育两种主要的断层相关褶皱构造样式：断层转折褶皱和断层传播褶皱。利用断层相关褶皱的下伏断层和上覆褶皱之间的角度参数存在的函数关系,可以对自然构造横剖面的构造解释进行检验。由于在时间地震剖面下的构造图形由于产生变形而与实际的自然构造有一定的偏差,这会影响几何学模型检验的有效性,因此在应用的过程中需要进行校正。通过地震速度谱将时问地震剖面转化为深度地震剖面,然后利用几何学关系对断层相关褶皱的构造剖面进行了检验。     

层间滑动褶皱新见

本文报道的是出现在许多沉积岩区, 发育在厚薄相间岩层之中, 并由于层间滑动作用形成的AB复合或过度型褶皱.它具有不止一个方位褶皱枢纽, 表征非共轴叠加褶皱形态, 经历了早期B形和晚期A形褶皱演化过程, 最终形成迄今鲜有报道, 但却实际广泛存在.文中首先介绍了这一褶皱在西藏、湖北黄石、湖北秭归, 四川西昌等地区的野外产出状态, 继而从横剖面、纵剖面、平面以及立体空间角度描叙了它的全方位几何形态特征, 进而从变形介质结构和剪应变值(γ) 的物性特征方面分析了它的变形控制条件, 最后以“滑移褶皱极限”理论并部分借鉴鞘褶皱的形成机理探讨了它的形成演化过程.      

基于核心序列优先的倒转地层构模方法

在三维地层建模过程中,一些复杂的地质构造(如倒转褶皱)往往需要人工干预才能生成正确的模型。针对地质体的特点,提出一种三棱柱模型的改进算法,将核心序列优先等方法运用于建模过程,同时运用虚拟钻孔柱的方法处理尖灭,在无需人工干预的情况下较好地实现了对复杂地层倒转现象的模拟。