中国西南岩溶地区生态环境脆弱性及成因分析

岩溶环境是一种脆弱的生态环境。研究西南岩溶地区生态环境脆弱性的表现,并从水文地质环境和人类经济活动方面分析其成因。在此基础上提出西南岩溶地区生态环境问题防治对策。     

从研究岩溶地下水角度分析评价岩溶塌陷的危险性--以南宁坛洛塌陷为例

南宁市是广西岩溶地面塌陷危害十分严重的城市之一。2012年6月2日突发的岩溶地面塌陷主要集中分布在坛洛镇南西方向,形成塌陷坑19个,地裂缝17条,威胁62户共232人,潜在经济损失约870万元。坛洛塌陷多形成于松散盖层厚度小于15 m,地下水位埋深小于20 m,地下岩溶强发育的区段。碳酸盐岩岩溶发育、松散盖层厚度较小和水动力条件（降水、地表水和地下水）复杂为岩溶塌陷产生的必要条件,尤以地下水的作用对岩溶塌陷的形成起至关重要的作用。通过对坛洛地下水动态观测与岩溶塌陷的调查研究确定地下水强径流带,分析评价岩溶地面塌陷的危险性,为岩溶地区的岩溶塌陷危险性勘察、评价工作提供一定指导意义。     

高密度电阻率法中二阶差分相路断面数据处理技术

介绍了二阶差分相路断面的基本思路;在应用高密度电阻率法勘察广西某尾砂库隐伏岩溶、地下河项目中,引进二阶差分相路断面进行数据解释,获得了更丰富的地质信息,取得较好的地质效果.     

重庆岩溶地下河水文地球化学特征及环境意义

岩溶地下河系统是岩溶地区重要的地下水资源,重庆地区分布有岩溶地下河380条,是重庆市重要的地下水资源。为宏观掌握重庆地区岩溶地下河水化学特征,了解区域岩溶地下河水化学影响因素及分布规律,研究了重庆不同地区61条岩溶地下河水文地球化学特征。结果表明,重庆地区岩溶地下河的溶解组分主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解,水化学类型为Ca-HCO₃型或Ca(Mg)-HCO₃型,但部分地下河水化学受到人类活动影响变为Na+Ca-HCO₃型、Na+Ca-SO₄型、Na+Ca-Cl型或Ca-SO₄+HCO₃型,且农业活动或城市废水对地下河水化学的影响比工矿业活动普遍。地下河水温度随海拔升高而逐渐降低。在相同的地质背景下,地下河Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO₃-等离子由于受不同区域岩溶作用强度差异的影响呈现出明显的区域性,SO₄2-、NO₃-、Cl-等指标由于受不同区域人类活动强度和方式的影响也显示出明显的区域性。总体来看,岩溶地下河水质正在恶化。     

喀斯特石漠化演变轨迹的典型案例研究——以贵州盘县为例

本文以1974年MSS、1999年TM、2007年TM影像为基本数据源,辅以实地踏勘,考虑一个完整的峰丛洼地等,扣除其平坝部分后作为评价单元,获得了贵州省盘县3个时期的石漠化数据并计算了石漠化和无石漠化土地的演变轨迹。相应于1974年、1999年、2007年3个时段,研究区土地退化演变轨迹可分为8种,并可进一步归纳为不变型、逆转减弱型、反复型和加重型4种演变过程类型,从1974年、1999年到2007年未发生过变化的不变型轨迹面积占较高的比例。研究区的喀斯特土地可分为石漠化土地、无石漠化土地、石漠化已恢复土地和潜在可恢复石漠化土地。     

西南喀斯特地区几种主要土地覆被下土壤CO2-C通量研究

中国西南喀斯特地区土壤营养元素流失形势严峻,揭示不同土地覆被下土壤CO2-C的释放规律,是认识喀斯特这一特殊环境诸多营养元素循环问题的一个重要途径。采用静态箱-气相色谱法对贵州喀斯特地区4种不同土地覆被下的土壤CO2-C释放通量进行观测研究。结果表明,（1）不同的土地覆被下土壤CO2-C释放通量有显著的差别,其释放顺序为：森林（（134．1±78．8）mg／（m^2·h））〉次生林（（70．8±122．3）mg／（m^2·h））〉玉米地（（55．5±78．0）mg／（m^2·h）1〉烧荒地（（35．5±91．4）mg／（m^2·h））。各样点季节变化都比较明显,夏季平均排放量最高,冬季最低。（2）凋落物对森林土壤CO2-C释放的影响较大,有凋落物覆盖的土壤CO2-C释放量（（134．1±78．8）mg／（m^2·h））高于无凋落物覆盖的林地土壤（（111．2±80．3）mg／（m^2·h））,凋落物分解对森林土壤CO2-C释放总量的贡献约占17％。基于地面气温,计算得出森林和森林（无凋落物）的研。分别为1．92、2．10。（3）除次生林和烧荒地外,其余各样地CO2-C释放通量均与土壤各层温度呈显著正相关关系,但绝大多数样地与土壤湿度（WFPS）之间相关性不显著。     

岩溶地区冲（钻）孔桩施工常见事故防治及其对策

在岩溶地区进行冲（钻）孔灌注桩施工时,经常因发生和处理各种孔内或质量事故而造成施工难度大、工期长、成本高、效率低,如处理不当或不及时,还可能导致桩孔报废、地面沉陷等重大隐患。通过多年来在岩溶发育地区从事岩土工程地质勘察、设计、监理、技术咨询及施工管理等实践,简要地概述了各种常见孔内和质量事故的发生原因及防治方法;并提出了一些有关进一步加强岩土工程地质勘察、设计、监管和施工技术等方面的对策及建议。     

Geochemistry of meteoric diagenesis in carbonate islands of the northern Bahamas: 1. Evidence from field studies

Processes driving carbonate diagenesis in islands of the northern Bahamas are investigated using major ion, dissolved oxygen and dissolved organic carbon analyses of water samples from surface and ground waters, and measurements of soil gas P. Meteoric waters equilibrate with aragonite, but reactions are water controlled rather than mineral‐controlled and drive dissolution rather than concurrent precipitation of calcite. Surface runoff waters equilibrate with atmospheric P and rapidly recharge the vadose zone, limiting subaerial bedrock dissolution to only 6·6–15 mg l^?1 Ca. P of soil gas measured in the summer wet season ((7·4 ± 3·7) × 10^?3 atm) is elevated compared with that of the atmosphere, despite the thin skeletal organic nature of the soil and the discontinuous soil cover. Soil waters retained in surface pockets are equilibrated with respect to aragonite and have dissolved 51 ± 19 mg l^?1 Ca. This is substantially less than the 93 ± 18 mg l^?1 Ca in samples from pumping boreholes that sample meteoric waters from the freshwater lens. The high P of the freshwater lens ((16 ± 8·3) × 10^?3 atm for pumping boreholes) suggests that significant additional CO₂ may be derived by oxidation of soil‐ and surface‐derived organic carbon within the lens. The suboxic nature of the majority of the freshwater lens and the observed depletion in sulphate support this suggestion, and indicate that both aerobic and anaerobic oxidation may take place. Shallow lens samples from observation boreholes are calcite supersaturated and have a lower P than deeper lens waters, indicating that CO₂ degasses from the water table, driving precipitation of calcite cements. We suggest that the geochemical evolution of waters in the vadose zone and upper part of the freshwater lens may be determined by the presence of a body of ground air with P controlled by production in the freshwater lens and soil and by degassing to the atmosphere. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅埋盾构隧道水下岩溶处治与施工控制技术

长沙地铁5号线晚朝区间盾构下穿浏阳河,隧道覆土浅,洞身全风化砾岩及上部砂砾层工程性质较差。隧道底板中风化钙质砾岩中发育岩溶,溶腔最大高度达15.8 m,主要充填物为松散圆砾及砂土。盾构下穿施工前,通过搭建水上作业平台,采用快速可控袖阀管注浆技术,高效处治岩溶。盾构下穿施工过程中,面对浅覆土水下掘进、富水地层、底板发育岩溶及侧穿桥梁桩基的复杂条件下,采取多项关键技术,有效规避风险,工程顺利高效,相关技术经验值得借鉴参考。     

Dynamics of stream nitrate sources and flow pathways during stormflows on urban,forest and agricultural watersheds in central Pennsylvania,USA

Understanding the influence of storm events on nitrate (NO₃^?) dynamics is important for efficiently managing NO₃^? pollution. In this study, five sites representing a downstream progression of forested uplands underlain by resistant sandstone to karst lowlands with agricultural, urban and mixed land‐use were established in Spring Creek, a 201 km² mixed land‐use watershed in central Pennsylvania, USA. At each site, stream water was monitored during six storm events in 2005 to assess changes in stable isotopes of NO₃^? (δ¹⁵N‐NO₃^? and δ¹⁸O‐NO₃^?) and water (δ¹⁸O‐H₂O) from baseflow to peakflow. Peakflow fractions of event NO₃^? and event water were then computed using two‐component mixing models to elucidate NO₃^? flow pathway differences among the five sites. For the forested upland site, storm size appeared to affect NO₃^? sources and flow pathways. During small storms (<35 mm rainfall), greater event NO₃^? fractions than event water fractions indicated the prevalence of atmospheric NO₃^? source contributions at peakflow. During larger storms (>35 mm rainfall), event NO₃^? fractions were less than event water fractions at peakflow suggesting that NO₃^? was flushed from stored sources via shallow subsurface flow pathways. For the urbanized site, wash‐off of atmospheric NO₃^? was an important NO₃^? source at peakflow, especially during short‐duration storms where event water contributions indicated the prevalence of overland flow. In the karst lowlands, very low fractions of event water and even lower fractions of event NO₃^? at peakflow suggested the dominance of ground water flow pathways during storms. These ground water flow pathways likely flushed stored NO₃^? sources into the stream, while deep soils in the karst lowlands also may have promoted NO₃^? assimilation. The results of this study illustrated how NO₃^? isotopes and δ¹⁸O‐H₂O could be combined to show key differences in water and NO₃^? delivery between forested uplands, karst valleys and fully urbanized watersheds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.