新疆西克尔地区下奥陶统鹰山组岩溶分带性研究

塔里木盆地岩溶缝洞型储层作为重要的油气储层备受关注,而目前预测此类型储层的方法较有限。在新疆伽什县西克尔野外露头区地表岩溶现象丰富,志留系地层以填平补齐的方式充填在一系列的溶沟和溶槽中,部分洼地中还有志留系地层残留,表明该区发育加里东中期岩溶。在本区岩溶古地貌的基础上,基于排泄基准面的分析,划分出3级岩溶台面并对应发育3期岩溶。据现代地貌学和岩溶学理论,按照水动力条件的不同并结合本区岩溶发育特征,运用岩溶旋回的观点将第二期岩溶剖面分为表层岩溶带、垂直渗滤带和水平潜流带,认识到西克尔地区古岩溶地下水发育规律及洞穴发育程度。构造运动是垂向岩溶分带性的主控因素;因此,在大的构造背景的前提下,可以有效地预测巴楚地区的缝洞型储层。     

云南巍山—永平碰撞造山带走滑拉分盆地铜金多金属矿成矿流体系统：稳定同位素特征及热液来源

云南巍山—永平矿集区位于兰坪走滑拉分盆地南段,有铜金多金属中、小型矿床及矿化点140余处,盆地发育和成矿作用与印度—亚洲板块碰撞密切相关。为了探索该矿集区成矿热液的来源,研究了该区成矿流体的稳定同位素特征。区内成矿流体系统可分为紫金山子系统与公郎弧子系统。公郎弧子系统内铜钴矿床成矿流体的δD为-83.8‰~-69‰,δ18O为4.17‰~10.45‰,δ13C为-13.6‰~3.7‰,成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水及地层水。紫金山子系统内金、铅锌、铁矿床成矿流体的δD为-117.4‰~-76‰,δ18O为5.32‰~9.56‰,δ13C为-10.07‰~-1.5‰;锑矿成矿流体的δD为-95‰~-78‰,δ18O为4.5‰~32.3‰,δ13C为-26.4‰~-1.9‰,成矿流体来源于地层水以及岩浆水。受印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞造山作用的影响,在该盆地内,成矿流体自南西向北东大规模迁移过程中,先形成温度、盐度较高的公郎弧子系统,随着流体向北东推进,温度、盐度逐渐降低,流体成分发生变化,演变为紫金山子系统。     

新疆伊宁县塔吾尔别克金矿床流体包裹体特征研究及矿床成因

塔吾尔别克金矿床是西天山吐拉苏断陷盆地中一个重要的金矿床。矿体主要赋存于早石炭世二长斑岩及大哈拉军组第五岩性段安山岩、蚀变凝灰岩中,受断裂构造控制,矿床围岩蚀变作用普遍而强烈。矿石金属矿物主要为黄铁矿、自然金、赤铁矿和黄铜矿等,非金属矿物主要为石英、斜长石、方解石等。成矿过程大致划分为3个成矿阶段:1石英-黄铁矿阶段;2石英-硫化物脉阶段;3石英-碳酸盐阶段。石英及方解石中流体包裹体类型简单,主要为气液两相水包裹体和纯液相水包裹体。包裹体测试均一温度为100~196℃,流体盐度为0.0%~7.3%(质量分数,NaCl_(eq)),流体密度为0.9~1.0 g/cm~3,计算出成矿压力为5.2~81.9 MPa,对应成矿深度为0.5~7.4 km。塔吾尔别克金矿床成矿流体包裹体显示低温度、低盐度和较低密度的流体特征,表明成矿压力小和深度较浅。结合矿床地质特征、流体包裹体特征及前人研究成果,初步认为该矿床为浅成低温热液型金矿床。     

岩溶塌陷灾害的岩溶地下水气压力监测技术及应用

文章系统、全面地介绍了岩溶地下水气压力监测技术及其应用成果。该技术在监测成孔、孔口的密封及监测频率等方面创新性地提出了相关的工艺方法,能真实、及时且充分地反映出岩溶管道裂隙系统中的地下水气压力变化特点,可为岩溶塌陷的机理研究、监测和预警提供科学依据。岩溶地下水气压力监测技术工艺简单、操作方便、成本低廉,经过20多年的改进,已成功应用于全国11个典型岩溶塌陷区,服务于高铁、水源地、油气管线、市政建设等潜在岩溶塌陷风险性评价、安全降深、监测预警等方面,取得了很好的效果。      

云南个旧卡房铜多金属矿床流体包裹体特征及其地质意义

卡房铜多金属矿床位于云南省个旧锡多金属矿集区, 作为该区南段典型的铜多金属矿床, 其深入的成矿流体性质及成矿物质来源研究尚为薄弱, 限制了对该矿床成因的深入认识。本文对产于玄武岩中的似层状铜多金属矿体(主要成矿类型)开展了精细的野外岩相学、矿物学、C-H-O同位素及流体包裹体原位成分分析。结果显示, 流体包裹体主要为气液两相水溶液包裹体, 石英流体包裹体均一温度为 264.5~330.5 ℃、盐度w(NaCleq)为16.24%~18.20%、密度为0.853~0.924 g/cm3; 萤石流体包裹体均一温度为199.8~339.1 ℃、盐度w(NaCleq)为8.81%~18.88%、密度为0.822~0.955 g/cm3; 方解石流体包裹体均一温度为112.1~199.4 ℃、盐度w(NaCleq)为4.96%~10.86%、密度为0.910~1.011 g/cm3, 表明卡房铜多金属矿床成矿流体具有中低温、中低盐度、低密度特征, 且早阶段到晚阶段, 成矿温度和流体盐度明显降低。与Cu矿共生的石英δDV-SMOW值为–83.9‰ ~ –78.9‰, δ18OH2O值为4.63‰~12.14‰, 方解石δ13CV-PDB值为–7.11‰~ 0.64‰; 同时, 石英单个流体包裹体原位分析结果显示流体包裹体富集大离子亲石元素, 如Na、K、Rb、Cs、Sr等。这些特征暗示了流体可能来源于与花岗质岩浆有关的热液流体, 热液流体上升过程中与围岩碳酸盐岩发生强烈的水-岩反应; 该过程可能萃取了玄武岩层中的Cu物质, 诱发了Cu的富集并最终成矿。     

Abiotic Methane Reservoirs in the Western Tianshan HP–UHP Metamorphic Belt,China

Natural gas, consisting primarily of methane(CH₄), has become a major source of clean energy in modern society in many parts of the globe. Recent experimental observations and discoveries of deep-sourced abiotic CH₄ in cold subduction zones indicate the important ability of cold subducted slabs to generate natural gas reservoirs. However, most CH₄ flux and reservoirs remain unknown and their potential is overlooked in global carbon flux estimations. Massive abiot...     

西藏拉琼锑金矿床流体包裹体特征及地质意义

正拉琼锑金矿床位于措美县西约17 km,大地构造位于青藏高原南部的特提斯喜马拉雅构造带东段,地处于印度河—雅鲁藏布江缝合带(IYZS)与藏南拆离系(STDS)大断裂之间。由于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞之后,导致印度洋持续扩张,造成印度大陆不断向北挤压,形成喜马拉雅造山带(尹安,2000),该地区近东西向的断裂自北而南依次     

酸不溶物对碳酸盐岩风化壳发育程度的影响

通过对贵州岩溶区（包括湘西）不同地层系统碳酸盐岩发育的红色风化壳、以及结合本区和处于同一气候带的邻区不同岩类红色风化壳的对比研究,结果表明：（1）碳酸盐岩红色风化壳的发育程度明显受基岩酸不溶物成分的控制,酸不溶物的风化成熟度越高,红色风化壳的发育程度一般也越强。由于不同地层系统碳酸盐岩的酸不溶物组成不同,在此基础上发育的红色风化壳的风化强度自然存在着差异;（2）风化壳相对于母岩的进一步风化潜力或空间,随着基岩酸不溶物风化成熟度的增大而降低,从而更容易达到风化平衡;（3）在碳酸盐岩风化壳突变的岩-土界面,伴随碳酸盐的充分淋失、酸不溶物的地球化学指标发生了突变。因此,碳酸盐的溶解不但未阻滞和延缓了硅酸盐组分的分解,而且促进其快速风化。（4）在达到高岭石化甚至弱红土化阶段的酸不溶物基础上,发育的风化壳比结晶岩类风化壳具有更高的风化起点,也就表现出更高的风化强度。因此,笼统地把碳酸盐岩风化壳看作是弱于玄武岩及花岗岩等结晶岩类风化壳发育程度的弱风化类型是不妥的。     

Characteristics and implication of clay minerals in the northern and southern parts of the Chelung-pu fault, Taiwan

In this study, we report the characteristics of clay minerals present in the Chelung-pu fault in Taiwan. In the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, different slip motions were recorded along the Chelung-pu fault in the northern and southern parts of the fault. The characteristics of clay minerals present in the fault zones can be attributed to the differences in motion. We analyzed the shallow drill core samples obtained from the northern and southern sites penetrating the fault. The clay minerals identified in most of the samples from both the sites are smectite, illite, and chlorite. There are illite–smectite mixed layers with a high illite content and no chlorite–smectite mixed layer. In some samples, no smectite is detected. We also examined the iron content and symmetry of iron and magnesium in the silicate and hydroxide layers in chlorite. At the northern site, the total iron content in chlorite of gouge is larger than that of the host rocks. On the other hand, at the southern site, the total iron content varies widely. It is hypothesized that the smectite consumption and differences in the characteristics of chlorite may be controlled by the differences in the lithology, fluid chemistry, fluid temperature, or fault activities (heating or breakage) between the northern and southern sites.     

Pore fluid pressure effects in anisotropic rocks: Mechanisms of induced seismicity and weak faults

Many observations and studies indicate that pore fluid pressure in the crustal rocks plays an important role in deformation, faulting, and earthquake processes. Conventional models of pore pressure effects often assume isotropic porous rocks and yield the nondeviatoric pressure effects which seem insufficient to explain diverse phenomena related to pore pressure variation, such as fluid-extraction induced seismicity and crustal weak faults. We derive the anisotropic effective stress law especially for transversely-isotropic and orthotropic rocks, and propose that the deviatoric effects of pore fluid pressure in anisotropic rocks not only affect rock effective strength but also cause variation of shear stresses. Such shear stress variations induced by either pore pressure buildup or pore pressure decline may lead to faulting instability and trigger earthquakes, and provide mechanisms for the failure of crustal weak faults with low level of shear stresses. We believe that the deviatoric effects of pore fluid pressure in anisotropic rocks are of wide application in studies of earthquake precursors and aftershocks, oil and gas reservoir characterization, enhanced oil recovery, and hydraulic fracturing.