On the Karst Ecosystem

In this paper the author gives a definition of the karst ecosystem and discusses the characteristics of the karst environment and karst ecosystem and the relationship between life and the karst environment. Finally he clarifies the structure, driving force and functions of the karst system.     

Characteristics of Breccias and C-O-Sr-S Isotope Geochemistry of the Duocaima Pb-Zn Deposit in Tuotuohe, Qinghai Province: Implications for the Ore-forming Process

The Duocaima carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposit is a newly found large deposit in the southern area of Qinghai Province.In this paper, the characteristics, genesis, significance to Pb-Zn mineralization of the widely developed breccias, and the ore-forming process have been carefully studied based on geological documentation of drilling holes, microscopic observations of petrography and microstructure and some stable isotope measurements.Based on the compositions of the clast and matrix, the breccias can be classified into three types: limestone clasts cemented by marl; limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials; and limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite.The mineralization in the first type of breccia is weak, whereas it is strong in the latter two types of breccias.According to the locations of occurrence and structural characteristics of the breccias along with the relationship between the breccias and mineralization, part of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and outcrop in the contact zone between the Wudaoliang Formation(Nw) and the underlying Jiushidaoban Formation(Pj) are attributed to synsedimentary fault-genetic breccia, whereas the last of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and developed in the Jiushidaoban Formation(Pj) are attributed to the breccia generated by karst cave collapse; the limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials and the limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite are attributed to breccia formed by hydrothermal dissolution.The breccia formed by karst collapse had consistently evolved for a long period of time, while the breccias with other origins were formed around the period of mineralization(i.e., about or slightly later than 20–16 Ma).The breccia generated by karst cave collapse and hydrothermal dissolution are somewhat related; the formation of the breccia from karst cave collapse provided open space for the later mineralization and reaction between hydrothermal fluids and host rocks, and the subsequent strong dissolution by hydrothermal fluids transformed some of the breccia formed earlier by karst cave collapse.Meanwhile, carbonate host rocks with breccias and brecciaed mineralization can be a potential sign of Mississippi Valley Type(MVT) deposits and important indicators for regional mineral exploration.The δ13CV-PDB, δ18OVSMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite in the Duocaima deposit range from 4.3‰ to 7.1‰, 14.9‰ to 20.1‰, and 0.707494 to 0.708185, respectively; the δ13CV-PDB, δ18OV-SMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of the host limestones of the Jiushidaoban Formation range from 3.6‰ to 5.3‰, 18.0‰ to 20.5‰, and 0.707372 to 0.707945, respectively.The δ13CV-PDB and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite and limestone are similar, indicating single sources of C and Sr in this deposit, with the likely source being the limestone of the Jiushidaoban Formation.The minor scattering of the δ18OV-SMOW values suggests that different O isotope fluids underwent the isotope exchange reaction.The C-O-Sr isotope characteristics indicate that the host limestones experienced a dissolution and precipitation process during mineralization, which is beneficial to improving the porosity of host rocks and promoting the precipitation of metal sulfides.The δ34SV-CDT value of the breccia-type mineralization sulfides ranges from-30.4‰ to-0.3‰; that is, the δ34SV-CDT value is negative with considerable variation, illustrating that during the breccia-type mineralization process, the bacteriogenic reduction of sulfates provided the vast majority of sulfur, whereas the thermochemical reduction of sulfates was relatively unimportant.The brecciation that occurred as a result of karst cave collapse was mainly generated by the dissolution of groundwater; however, the brecciation related to hydrothermal dissolution and mineralization processes were caused by mixing of different fluids.     

采动作用下岩溶山体深大裂隙扩展贯通机理研究

岩溶坡体裂隙的扩展贯通是造成坡体失稳破坏的重要因素。为研究采动作用下高陡岩溶坡体随裂隙扩展贯通的失稳破坏机理，采用离散元（Universal Distinct Element Code，UDEC）数值模拟，研究了采动作用下坡体裂隙的发展规律。研究结果表明:采动作用对岩溶坡体的稳定性具有重要的影响作用，主要表现在煤层上覆岩体新生裂隙的发育以及诱发坡体原有裂隙的扩展；坡体内部裂隙的发育具有一定的时空效应，裂隙带高度随着采空区范围的增加而增加；坡体原有深大裂隙对坡体的破坏具有控制作用，坡体破坏时崩滑体沿着主控裂隙发生滑动；二维模型显示，含深大裂隙岩溶坡体在采动作用下形成类似"悬臂梁结构"，悬臂梁结构沿着主控裂隙发生断裂，坡体中间软岩被挤出，最终主控裂隙与临空面扩展贯通，坡体发生崩塌破坏。      

岩溶作用时间尺度与碳汇稳定性

从碳酸盐溶蚀快速动力学过程、岩溶动力系统的开放性、环境敏感性和生物参与性等方面分析了岩溶作用过程的时间尺度及其碳汇稳定性,指出岩溶碳循环是一种兼具不同时间尺度的特殊地质作用过程,因水生植物和土地利用变化的影响,碳汇效应显著且相对稳定,仍对现今大气CO2减排有重要意义。为更好地估算岩溶碳汇潜力,在加强高精度自动化监测的同时,需要考虑外源水、水生植物及土地利用变化等因素。      

基于RBFN模型的贵州省石漠化危险度评价

西南喀斯特山区石漠化已成为当地发展的重大障碍,国内诸多学者对此做了大量研究工作。本文在前人研究成果的基础上,选取影响喀斯特石漠化演化的相关指标,运用GIS技术提取各指标数据,建立RBFN模型 (Radial Basis Function Network,径向基函数网络模型),根据不同石漠化危险程度标准,选取12个市县相关数据进行训练,确定网络模型参数,进而对贵州省82个市、县 (自治州) 的喀斯特石漠化危险度进行了评价,结果显示：贵州省西南部的西南-东北沿线为喀斯特石漠化发生的极强危险区、整个西南部为强危险区,北部地区为中度危险区,而东南部地区为轻度危险区,并利用他人研究成果进行了对比验证,发现结果较为理想。     

岩溶脆弱生态区农业可持续发展模式创新构想——岩溶流水养鱼生态沟驱动模式

以贵州省为例,借鉴传统农业开发模式,充分挖掘岩溶区资源优势,通过改造传统养鱼业,提升产品质量,将生态农业开发、特色冷水鱼养殖、生态环境保护与旅游业“串并”结合,实现融合互动,提出岩溶区农业可持续发展新模式——岩溶流水养鱼生态沟驱动模式.进而阐述其概念和内涵,在此基础上,从资源依托性、经济价值、生态效应、交通和市场角度,分析该模式在岩溶区实施的可行性.研究表明:岩溶流水养鱼生态沟驱动模式是有别于岩溶区传统农业发展模式的创新模式,在岩溶区具有推广的可行性以及生态和经济价值,是充分利用当地资源,使农业增产,农民     

晚全新世黔西南喀斯特地区兴义泥炭高分辨率腐殖化度记录研究

季风气候区泥炭重要组成部分—贵州泥炭的研究较缺乏,其腐殖化度的环境指示意义尚有待挖掘.对黔西南喀斯特地区的兴义泥炭XY1钻孔进行AMS14C测年并构建年代框架,结合不同波长的高分辨率腐殖化度测定,及钻孔沉积速率和碳累积速率,重建黔西南3000～1770 cal.a B.P.的泥炭沉积过程,并探讨其可能的受控机制.结果表...     

黔桂岩溶山区土地利用变化的社会经济因素分析

基于黔桂岩溶山区1990、2015年的土地利用数据和社会经济统计资料,利用典范对应分析方法对1990-2015年25年间的土地利用变化及社会经济驱动因素进行了实证分析。结论如下:（1）黔桂岩溶山区土地利用变化存在明显的时空分异现象;（2）贵州高原区以草地大幅减少和林地增加为主要特征;黔桂峰丛洼地区以水域面积增加和草地减少为主要特征;广西丘陵区的主要特征是耕地减少和建设用地增加。（3）贵州高原区土地利用类型变化以经济和人口因素为主要驱动力;广西丘陵区土地利用类型变化以经济因素和农业结构水平为主要驱动力;农业因素对黔桂峰丛洼地区的土地利用变化驱动作用明显。未来应提高贵州高原和黔桂峰丛洼地区岩溶山区草地生态功能重要性的认识,在加强森林植被恢复的同时加强草地资源保护;城镇化发展背景下黔桂岩溶山区应减少优质耕地占用,开发低丘缓坡土地,建设山地特色城市。      

基于层次分析法的岩溶隧道突水突泥风险评估

为控制岩溶隧道突水突泥风险,通过统计与理论分析相结合的方法,研究了相关工程实例,并基于层次分析法研究了岩溶隧道突水突泥控制因素与因素权值,提出了岩溶隧道突水突泥风险3阶段评估与控制方法。权值分析结果表明,不良地质、超前地质预报、地层岩性、地下水位是突水突泥风险的主控因素;其次为宏观前兆、监控量测、可溶岩与非可溶岩接触带、地形地貌、开挖支护;最后为微观前兆、岩层产状、层面与层间裂隙、围岩级别。3阶段评估包括初步评估、二次评估与动态评估,其中,初步评估是在施工方案制定前,为估计风险,对孕险环境(岩溶水文地质与工程地质条件)的评估;二次评估是在施工前,为评估施工组织设计合理性,综合考虑孕险环境与致险因子(施工因素)而进行的评估;动态评估是在施工期,为了动态评估与控制风险,综合考虑孕险环境、致险因子与风险控制反馈信息的评估。3阶段评估与控制方法可实时、有效、准确地控制岩溶隧道施工风险,实现风险的动态修正与管理。研究成果在翻坝高速鸡公岭隧道取得了成功应用,对类似工程具有一定的借鉴意义     

喀斯特洞穴灯光照明系统研究述评与展望

灯光照明是开展洞穴旅游的必备条件,是喀斯特洞穴旅游开发与可持续发展的重要内容。文章通过对万方数据、CNKI、Springer Link、Elsevier SDOL、EBSCO、Google Scholar、Google、超星学术发现系统等8个国内外数据库和搜索工具进行检索,结合纸质文献,最后获得有关洞穴灯光照明系统的研究文献56篇（部）。研究内容主要涉及洞穴灯光照明的起源与发展、洞穴照明光源的类型及选择、洞穴照明灯具的选择与安装、洞穴灯光照明系统的设计、洞穴灯光的操控系统、洞穴灯光照明系统的安全控制、洞穴灯光照明等7个方面。学术界对该领域的研究历史较长、研究方法多样,但研究成果数量有限,研究的视角较为微观,研究成果的普适性较弱。在未来的研究中应重点关注以下问题：研究的系统性、多学科的融合性、研究的针对性、洞穴灯光照明系统技术标准的制订、新材料与新技术在洞穴照明中的应用、洞穴灯光照明系统的经济性、洞穴照明光源的比较研究等。