Seismic design and testing of the bottom vertical boundary elements in steel plate shear walls. Part 1: design methodology

This research investigates the seismic design method and the cyclic inelastic behavior of the bottom column, also called the vertical boundary element (VBE), in steel plate shear walls (SPSWs). This study consists of two parts. This Part 1 paper discusses the anticipated pushover responses for properly designed SPSWs and the possible inelastic responses of the bottom VBE at various levels of inter‐story drift. Considering both the tension field action of the infill panel and the sway action of the boundary frame, this study develops a simplified method to compute the flexural and shear demands in the bottom VBE. Based on the superposition method, this approach considers various plastic hinge forming locations at different levels of inter‐story drift. One of the key performance‐based design objectives is to ensure that the top ends of the bottom VBEs remain elastic when the SPSWs are subjected to the maximum considered earthquake. This paper presents the comprehensive design procedures for the bottom VBE. Furthermore, this study conducted cyclic performance evaluation tests of three full‐scale two‐story SPSWs at the Taiwan National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering in 2011 to validate the effectiveness of the proposed design methods. The experimental program, cyclic inelastic responses of the SPSWs and bottom VBEs, and numerical simulations are presented in Part 2. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Full-scale experimental modal analysis of an arch dam: The first experience in Iran

Forced vibration field tests and finite-element studies were conducted on the Shahid Rajaee concrete arch dam in Northern Iran to determine the dynamic properties of the dam–reservoir–foundation system. The first forced vibration tests on the dam were performed with two different types of exciter units, with a limited maximum force, bolted on the dam crest for alternative in-phase and out-of-phase sequencing. Because of an insufficient number of recording sensors, two arrangements of sensors were used to cover sufficient points on the dam crest and one gallery during tests. Two kinds of vibration tests, on–off and frequency sweeping, were carried out on the dam. The primary natural frequencies of the coupled system for both symmetric and anti-symmetric vibration modes were approximated during on–off tests in two types of sequencing of exciters, in phase and out-of-phase, with a maximum frequency of 14 Hz. The principal forced vibration tests were performed at precise resonant frequencies based on the results of the on–off tests in which sweeping around the approximated frequencies at 0.1 Hz increments was performed. Baseline correction and suitable bandpass filtering were applied to the test records and then signal processing was carried out to compute the auto power, cross power and coherence spectra. Nine middle modes of vibration of the coupled system and corresponding damping ratios were estimated. The empirical results are compared against the results from calibrated finite-element modeling of the system using former ambient vibration tests, considering the dam–reservoir–foundation interaction effects. Good agreement is obtained between experimental and numerical results for eight middle modes of the dam–reservoir–foundation system.     

Attenuation of ground vibrations using in-filled wave barriers

Ground vibrations generated by construction activities can adversely affect the structural health of adjacent buildings and foundations supporting them. Therefore propagation and rate of attenuation of construction induced ground vibrations is important during construction activities, particularly in urban areas where constructions are carried out in the vicinity of existing structures. In practice wave barriers are installed in the ground to mitigate the ground vibration propagation and hence to minimise the effect of ground vibrations on surrounding structures. Different types of fill materials such as bentonite, EPS geofoam and concrete are used in constructing wave barriers. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model is developed to study the efficiency of different fill materials in attenuating ground vibrations. The model is first verified using data from full scale field experiments, where EPS geofoam has been used as a fill material in wave barriers. Then the same model has been used to evaluate the efficiency of open trenches, water filled wave barriers and EPS geofoam filled wave barriers on attenuation of ground vibrations. EPS geofoam is found to be the most efficient fill material, providing attenuation efficiency closer to open trenches. The efficiency of EPS geofoam and water filled wave barriers can be significantly increased by increasing the depth of the wave barrier.     

输电线断线对高压输电塔-线体系的冲击作用分析

研究了输电线断线对高压输电塔-线体系的冲击作用。给出了断线前后的结构动力平衡方程。分别采用梁单元、杆单元和悬链线单元对输电塔、绝缘子和输电线进行了模拟。根据实际工程,考虑输电线的几何非线性建立了高压输电塔-线体系的三维有限元模型,并计算了输电塔的动力特性。根据分析方法及分析工况,分别研究了不同工况下断线对高压输电塔-线体系的冲击作用及安全度评定。研究结果表明,地线的断线冲击较小,应该考虑不同的导线断线组合情况;断两根导线的冲击值,接近于设计所取的安全系数;输电线断线对高压输电塔的冲击作用不可忽视。     

跨断层水泥管试验的有限元分析

在考虑管道的材料非线性和几何非线性、管土相互作用的非线性和管道接口非线性的基础上,建立了由管体梁单元、三向土弹簧单元和接口单元组成的埋地非连续管道在断层位移作用下的有限元模型,并以美国密歇根大学Junhee等(2010)所做的跨断层水泥管试验为原型进行了模拟分析。有限元结果给出的水泥管最终变形、接口转角、接口位移与实验结果基本一致,表明本文提出的跨断层埋地非连续管道抗震计算的有限元分析方法具有一定的合理性。有限元结果和试验结果都表明,在逆冲断层作用下,水泥管的破坏主要是因为在管道接口处的轴向压力和弯矩的耦合作用,在断层附近的管道接口承受了较大的转动和压缩位移。本文所提出的分析方法可推广到埋地非连续管道在其它永久地面变形作用下的有限元分析。     

Upper mantle seismic anisotropy beneath a convergent boundary: SKS waveform modeling in central Tibet

This study used SKS waveforms from the International Deep Profiling of Tibet and the Himalayas (INDEPTH) III dataset and a new 2D method for modeling seismic waves in anisotropic media to construct an image of anisotropic structures beneath central Tibet. A preferred model revealed three-segment anisotropic structures in the upper mantle beneath the study region. Waveform modeling demonstrated that the anisotropy was mainly generated by the lithosphere but not the asthenosphere, and that an anisotropic model with a flatter axis of symmetry provides a more consistent interpretation of the observations than models having steeply dipping symmetry axes. A relatively low velocity zone may underlie or intermingle with the anisotropic structures in the northern portion of the region. Synthetic tests also indicate that variations in the elastic constants and depth extent of the anisotropy assumed by the calculations do not affect the general conclusions, although trade-offs exist among certain model parameters. The modeling results suggest that the complex seismic structures in central Tibet were associated with underthrusting of the Indian lithosphere beneath the Asian lithosphere; the inferred flat symmetry axis of the anisotropy was likely generated during this collision process. If this were not the case, the inherited anisotropy would exhibit a steeply dipping axis of symmetry, parallel to the direction of underthrusting.     

古建筑风化石质构件力学参数的确定方法

针对目前常规确定岩石力学参数的方法只能得出岩块的整体强度,不能反映古建筑石质构件风化层内力学参数逐渐变化,无法很好地满足石质古建筑稳定性、耐久性研究的不足,提出了综合运用现场穿透波CT测试、表面回弹测试和室内试验确定风化石质构件力学参数的方法。方法的实施主要包括：通过现场穿透波CT测试,获得纵波波速在石质构件深度剖面上的分布;现场选取与欲研究的石质构件类似的岩石做室内力学试验和波速测试,得出力学参数与波速的统计关系;上述两者结合得出力学参数在石质构件深度剖面上的分布,在此基础上分析风化层内力学参数随深度的变化关系;对不同风化分区代表性石构件进行风化深度研究和表面回弹测试,得出构件表面强度比与风化深度的关系。以义乌宋代古月桥为例,对其方法进行了系统的介绍,并对古月桥承载条石风化层内力学参数随深度的变化关系以及表面强度与风化深度的关系进行了研究。研究表明：义乌宋代古月桥承载条石风化层内的抗压强度比、弹性模量比随深度呈负指数关系变化;表面强度比与风化深度呈2次多项式关系。     

弹黏塑性模型及其在预压处理软基沉降计算中的应用

以准确计算预压荷载作用下软土路基的工后沉降为目的,分析了不同预压法加固软土地基时土体的应力变化。提出了用弱化应力路径变化过程的弹黏塑性模型表示软黏土的应力-应变关系。结合经典比奥固结理论,推导了预压荷载作用下土体沉降计算的有限单元法。通过具体算例,验证了所提方法。结果表明：（1）不同预压方法的加固机制和应力路径均不相同。堆载预压法加固软基是一不等向的正压固结过程,真空预压法则是在负压作用下的等向固结过程;（2）弹黏塑性模型是不受瞬时施加应力的大小及具体应力路径变化过程影响的软土流变模型,运用于预压荷载作用下的软基时具有不考虑应力路径和不划分主次固结的优越性;（3）在比奥固结理论中,用弹黏塑性模型反映软土的物理方程时,可计算软基考虑了弹黏塑变形性质的固结沉降和工后沉降;（4）弹黏塑性模型的软土体黏性参数? /V和塑性参数? /V对竖向位移都有比较明显的影响。     

考虑发育薄弱区对管涌发展影响的数学模型研究

为了揭示发育薄弱区对管涌发展的影响机制,进行了管涌砂槽模型试验和颗粒流数值模拟,建立了3组模型,以研究孔隙通道的空间发育对颗粒运移过程的影响,分析了土体内部细颗粒运移引起管涌破坏的动态过程。根据数值模拟结果,分析了管涌发展过程中试样细观及流体的变化规律,并与砂槽模型试验结果进行了比较,模拟与模型试验结果较吻合。结果表明,薄弱区越发育,压力分布调整的趋势越强,颗粒运移的趋势相应增加,达到破坏需要的时间越短。数值模拟获得的临界水力梯度与室内试验以及理论分析结果均比较接近,证明了采用颗粒流程序研究管涌问题是合理的,对研究存在薄弱区的砂土管涌现象具有明显的优势和广阔的应用前景。所揭示的结果有益于管涌机制的更深入研究。     

含双裂隙岩石裂纹演化机理的离散元数值分析

采用离散单元法探讨了预制双裂隙岩石的裂纹演化机理。用近期从试验资料提取的无胶结厚度含抗转动能力的岩石微观力学模型和相应的离散单元法商业软件,模拟了含不同预制倾角的双裂隙岩石试样在单轴压缩作用下裂纹的扩展与贯通规律,揭示了裂纹演化的宏微观机理。同时,将离散元法DEM岩石试样的裂纹的扩展和贯通规律以及强度特性与室内试验结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,预制裂隙之间以及端点处的拉应力集中是导致裂隙岩石破坏的主要原因,且DEM数值试验得到裂纹的演化规律与室内试验结果较为一致。含30°的预制裂隙的岩石试样最容易起裂,含75°的预制裂隙的岩石试样最困难起裂,造成此种现象的原因可能是裂纹在垂直于主应力方向上的长度不同导致试样受拉区域大小不同。