A new approach to the determination of methane content of coal seams

Summary An approach to the determination of methane content of coal seams is proposed. The method utilizes the transformed Airey's empirical equation on desorption of methane from coals. The methane content values estimated by this method correspond well with actual values from laboratory experiments. In the case of Indian coals, the applicability of the relationship for the calculation of the gas lost from coal lumps during long periods of time loss appears to be limited due to poor agreement with the experimental values.     

氧四环素在典型土壤中的吸附/解吸行为及其吸附态生物有效性研究

采用批平衡实验方法,研究了氧四环素(oxytetracycline,OTC)在褐土、红壤与森林土壤中的吸附/解吸行为,同时以大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli ATCC 25922,E.coli ATCC 25922)作为实验菌株,研究了土壤吸附态的氧四环素的生物活性。结果表明,Freundlich和Langmuir模型均可以对OTC在三种土壤中的吸附和解吸曲线数据进行良好的拟合,OTC在褐土中的吸附/解吸等温线呈线性,而在红壤与森林土壤中的吸附/解吸等温线呈非线性,且Langmuir方程拟合效果优于Freundlich方程。OTC在三种土壤上的解吸过程均存在明显的滞后性。土壤吸附态抗生素对细菌生长的抑制作用表明,OTC与土壤发生吸附作用之后,依然具有生物有效性。     

The hematite–goethite enhancement model of loess and an ‘irregular’ case from Paks,Hungary

On the basis of a key model of the appearance of hematite and goethite in some Chinese and European loess successions, paleosols generally contain higher proportions of hematite formed by pedogenic processes during warm and humid interglacials, while loess contains sedimentary goethite deposited during colder, glacial periods. Rock magnetic measurements were conducted on samples from Paks (Hungary) loess, revealing an anomalous case. Sediments were found to contain higher amounts of hematite and/or goethite, while the well‐developed paleosols were found to be lacking in hematite but had significant amounts of magnetite and maghemite. This observation demonstrates that the character of pedogenic magnetic mineral alteration and neoformation differs from the hematite/goethite model; the model is therefore not applicable to the Paks succession, possibly due to differences in the regional paleoclimate and pedogenic environment. The results indicate the existence of a further model, in which hematite formation is not significant in the course of pedogenesis.     

Processes controlling cobalt distribution in two temperate estuaries,Sagami Bay and Wakasa Bay,Japan

Concentrations of cobalt (Co) in surface waters from the Sagami River to northern Sagami Bay and from the Yura River to southwestern Wakasa Bay in Japan were determined in order to investigate the factors governing the distribution of this metal during estuarine mixing. Dissolved (<0.2 μm) and particulate (>0.2 μm) Co showed non-conservative mixing behavior with low or mid-salinity maxima within those two estuarine regions, indicating benthic remobilization and/or sewage input apart from riverine input during the estuarine mixing. These results are supported by a suite of complementary measurements of other parameters, such as manganese, phosphate, and suspended particulate matter concentrations. In addition, the concentration ratio of dissolved Co to total Co (dissolved plus particulate) increased along the salinity gradient, implying the potential for desorption of this metal from suspended particulate matter on estuarine mixing.     

Heat content change in the surface isothermal layer of a warm core ring in the sea east of Japan

Heat content change in the surface isothermal layer of a typical warm core ring in the sea east of Japan is described based on approximately 90 CTD profiles obtained by one profiling float. Erosion of the seasonal thermocline and development of a surface isothermal layer from the mid-summer to the early winter of 1999 are clearly seen. While heat content change between two consecutive profiles with a 35-hour time interval is much noisier, its 10-day running mean is consistent with net surface heat flux, indicating that surface heat flux dominates the temporal heat content change in the surface isothermal layer in the warm core ring.     

水分和粒度对煤吸附甲烷性能的实验研究

为了研究水分含量和粒度对煤吸附甲烷性能的影响,取山西西山杜儿坪矿2号煤干燥样、平衡水样和注水样进行了等温吸附实验。基于分子间作用力对水含量影响机理进行分析,并运用维里方程拟合等温吸附实验结果来验证。实验结果发现,在未达到平衡水分之前,水含量对高煤级吸附能力影响小且注水煤样中的液态水影响增加了甲烷吸附量;同一种煤的高含水煤样对液态水的亲和能力要远比平衡水煤样对气态水的亲和能力强。     

石油类污染物在土壤中的吸附/解吸机理研究及展望

石油类污染物在土壤中的吸附与解吸研究是目前土壤学及环境科学研究的重要领域,石油类污染物在土壤中的吸附/解吸影响因素、机理及研究方法已有大量研究,但由于吸附/解吸传统研究方法受各种参数的限制,对影响因素、吸附模式、机理的研究难以进一步深入,多种影响因素之间的相互作用也是一个重要的研究方向;石油类污染物的吸附模式随着吸附方式的不同而适用于不同土壤的吸附,而用SPE技术可以从分子水平来认识吸附/解吸的本质。同时本文提出了石油类污染物在土壤中吸附/解吸机理研究中存在的问题,并展望未来的发展趋势。     

无烟煤对甲烷等温吸附解吸特性实验研究

研究空气干燥基无烟煤对甲烷(CH4)的等温吸附/解吸特性,发现其对甲烷的解吸残余率达56%。为了对其进行深入探讨,特设计了原煤样的炭化和活化实验,扩大了原料的比表面积,进而在等温条件下研究了两个改性样品对甲烷的吸附/解吸特性。对比发现,比表面积的增大能显著增加样品对甲烷的吸附总量,但对解吸残余率没有明显的影响。考虑到影响甲烷吸附/解吸的因素,又在等温条件下对主控因素——水分作了平行实验,结果显示,水分对活化样解吸残余率有明显影响。     

北印度洋障碍层厚度气候态和季节变化特征及其成因初步分析

基于2004—2018年Argo (Array for Real-Time Geostrophic Oceanography)浮标观测的温度、盐度数据, 利用经验正交函数(EOF)分析和小波分析等方法对北印度洋(40°—105°E, 5°S—25°N)障碍层时空分布特征进行分析。结果显示: 北印度洋的东部常年存在障碍层, 而西部障碍层出现的概率相对较低; 较厚的障碍层出现在阿拉伯海东南部(67°—75°E, 3°—12°N)、孟加拉湾(82°—93°E, 11°—20°N)和赤道东印度洋(81°—102°E, 4°S—3°N)。阿拉伯海东南部和孟加拉湾障碍层厚度以年变化为主, 且呈同位相变化, 均为冬季最大, 夏季最小。赤道东印度洋区域则主要呈现半年周期变化, 在夏季和冬季各出现一次峰值。进一步分析表明, 孟加拉湾和赤道东印度洋障碍层厚度主要受等温层深度变化影响, 混合层深度变化对障碍层厚度变化的影响相对较小; 阿拉伯海障碍层厚度同时受等温层深度变化和混合层深度变化影响, 其中等温层深度变化对其影响更大。