城市效应对福州市气候的影响

计算了福州近４０多年来气温等要素的气候倾向率，揭示了福州气候的变化规律。通过城区和郊区的气候资料对比分析，发现福州城区存在着热岛，雨岛，干岛，浑浊岛等城市气候效应，同时还存在着雾和雷暴负效应的异常现象。最后用气象学原理论讨产生异常现象原因。     

城市人为热对北京热环境的影响

城市的人为热对城市热岛的产生有重要作用 ,通过对北京冬季的居民采暖排放废热、汽车排放废热和工业生产排放废热的估算 ,制定了考虑随时空变化的北京市人为热排放清单。利用北京大学城市边界层模式对北京冬季城市边界层结构特征进行模拟 ,通过考虑和忽略人为热的排放研究北京地面温度的变化 ,并通过几种方案减少人为热的排放对缓解城市热岛作用作出评价。     

Simulation of a Summer Urban Breeze Over Paris

Numerical simulations for an anticyclonic summer episode in the Paris area have been performed at the meso- scale for a 48-hour period, and compared to observations from a dense operational observational network. The meteorological stations have been classified, according to the extent of urbanization of their surroundings, into four classes (central Paris, urban, suburban, and rural). The atmospheric model, coupled with an urban surface scheme, correctly reproduces the temperature (within 1 K from the observations) and humidity. The intense urban heat island during the night is also well represented.Following the validation, the model is used to quantify atmospheric effects of Paris on the boundary layer, through a comparison with a purely rural simulation. At night, the model simulates a neutral or even slightly unstable boundary layer to a depth of 200 m over the city. In contrast, a very stable layer formed in the countryside. During the day, the boundary layer was more turbulent and 500 m deeper over Paris; vertical velocities of up to 1 m s^-1 were created over the city. This leads to an urban breeze with convergence at low levels (with winds around 5 to 7 m s^-1), and divergence at the boundary-layer top (with similar wind speeds). The horizontal extent of the breeze reaches for more than 50 km from the city centre, and could have an important impact on pollutant diffusion in the area for calm days.Finally, three other spring cases are presented briefly. These show that an urban breeze develops if the synoptic wind is weak enough or disorganized; an urban plume develops otherwise.     

阳泉市城市热岛效应特征分析

利用阳泉市3个国家级气象站资料分析了阳泉市城市热岛效应的年际变化、季节变化、月变化和日变化特征,结果表明：阳泉市存在弱的城市热岛效应,1972年-2011年平均热岛强度0．554℃。阳泉市热岛强度冬、秋季强,春、夏季弱;12月最强,5月最弱;阳泉市热岛强度整体呈显著上升趋势,热岛强度的增加主要是由于夏季热岛强度的增强。热岛强度日变化表现为12时最小,从傍晚开始随降温逐渐增大,到早晨气温降到最低时最大,日出之后迅速减小;2008年-2011年最强热岛强度出现在2010年1月14日08时达7．9℃。阳泉市主要城市发展因子与霾日数、气温呈显著正相关,在目前的经济发展水平条件下,城市化发展可能使阳泉城市温度增高,城市绿地面积的增加可能对热岛效应有缓解。     

昆明地区城市热岛效应的再分析

在对地面气温资料进行均一性检验和订正的基础上,分析了1971—2008年昆明地区(包括城区、郊县和太华山)气温序列的变化趋势,研究了城市化对气温序列的可能影响,揭示了在城市化快速推进和低纬高原复杂地形条件下城市热岛效应的特殊性和复杂性。结果表明,昆明地区的平均气温总体呈上升趋势,上升速率大小依次为昆明城区>郊县>太华山。其中,昆明城区和郊县气温具有相似的变化规律,主要表现为冬、春季最低气温显著升高和气温日较差明显减小;太华山气温的变化则明显不同,主要表现为最低气温全年少变,冬、秋季最高气温小幅上升,而气温日较差有增大趋势。20世纪80年代中后期以来,昆明城区与郊县气温,特别是最低气温的显著上升可能受到城市化的严重影响,因此以往以郊县为对比乡村站的研究在很大程度上低估了城市化对昆明气温序列的影响。而在此之前,昆明最低和最高气温均会因对比乡村站选取的不同而表现出"城市冷岛"特征。     

Development of a Multi-Layer Urban Canopy Model for the Analysis of Energy Consumption in a Big City: Structure of the Urban Canopy Model and its Basic Performance

A multilayer one-dimensional canopy model was developed to analyze the relationship between urban warming and the increase in energy consumption in a big city. The canopy model, which consists of one-dimensional diffusion equations with a drag force, has three major parameters: building width, distance between buildings, and vertical floor density distribution, which is the distribution of a ratio of the number of the buildings that are taller than some level to all the buildings in the area under consideration. In addition, a simplified radiative process in the canopy is introduced. Both the drag force of the buildings and the radiative process depend on the floor density distribution. The thermal characteristics of an urban canopy including the effects of anthropogenic heat are very complicated. Therefore, the focus of this research is mainly on the basic performance of an urban canopy without anthropogenic heat. First, the basic thermal characteristics of the urban canopy alone were investigated. The canopy model was then connected with a three-dimensional mesoscale meteorological model, and on-line calculations were performed for 10 and 11 August, 2002 in Tokyo, Japan. The temperature near the ground surface at the bottom of the canopy was considerably improved by the calculation with the canopy model. However, a small difference remained between the calculation and the observation for minimum temperature. Deceleration of the wind was well reproduced for the velocity at the top of the building by the calculation with the canopy model, in which the floor density distribution was considered.     

利用遥感地表参数分析上海市的热岛效应及治理对策

从NOAA-AVHRR数据提取出晴空状况下上海市的地表反照率、地表温度和植被指数参数，分析了冬夏两季遥感地表参数所反映的热岛效应变化。发现在冬夏两季的白天和夜晚都存在明显的城市热岛效应，在冬季夜晚的热岛效应比白天强，而在夏季夜晚的热岛效应比白天弱。这是由于下垫面的差异，导致白天城区地表温度大大超过郊区。城区的地表反照率和植被指数始终小于郊区。进一步的相关分析表明，夏季城市的地表温度与植被指数、地表反照率存在显著的负相关，相关系数分别为-0．975、-0．712。通过提高植被覆盖率和地表反照率，可以减小城市热岛效应。     

台湾岛对登陆台风的影响特征

利用2000—2014年上海台风所最佳台风路径资料和中央气象台路径和强度综合预报资料,分析登陆台湾岛的台风在登陆前48 h和登陆后18 h期间的强度和路径变化特征。结果表明：共有35个台风登陆台湾岛,其中29个资料完整的自东向西登陆台湾岛的台风过程中有26个发生在7、8、9月,登陆频数为89.7%。台风在登陆前48～18 h内强度逐渐增强,以后基本保持不变,一直持续到登陆前6 h,之后开始减弱;从登陆前6 h到离开台湾岛后6 h的时间内,强度由41.0 m·s-1减小到29.6 m·s-1,共减小了27.8%。台风经过台湾岛前48～36 h预报移向比实况偏北,30～0 h预报路径偏南。另外,登陆前24 h和登陆后6 h台风强度变化线性回归关系式在2015年登陆台湾岛的台风个例中得以验证,可以在业务预报中参考使用。     

基于MODIS数据的拉萨市地表温度变化研究

采用2000～2011年6月MODIS地表温度产品和拉萨市4个气象站6月平均地表温度对拉萨市地表温度的时空变化进行了分析.结果表明：拉萨市在近12年内地表温度呈明显上升趋势,2009年地表温度达到最高为28.49℃,最小值出现在2003年为14.12℃.在空间分布上高温区主要集中在城市中心和城市周边区域,并随着时间推移不断向外扩张,在2007年6月拉萨市地表温度高温区分布范围最大,其中纳木错东部和林周县的高温区增加最显著;在利用实测的地表温度与MO-DIS反演的地表温度做相关分析发现,两者的相关系数为0.64通过了0.001的显著性检验,两种地表温度的时间变化趋势也较为一致,因此MODIS地表温度反演产品适用于大范围地表温度和城市热环境监测是可行的.