国际旅游岛建设以来海南省产业空间分异格局及其驱动机制

采用产业区位基尼系数、地理集中率、产业梯度系数和回归分析等方法,从产业整体、三次产业和字母行业3个层面分析国际旅游岛建设以来海南省产业空间分异格局及其驱动机制。结果表明,目前海南省产业整体和多数产业特别是第三产业与多数资本和技术密集型服务业、生产性服务业空间分异程度高,主要分布于少数沿海非民族市县,呈明显的沿海-内陆、非民族-民族地区与北-南向类似U型的分异格局;产业整体、三次产业与10个字母行业从业人员数空间分异趋于加剧,空间分布趋于向少数市县集中,而产业整体和三次产业增加值与6个字母行业从业人员数空间分异趋于减缓,空间分布基本趋于向北部沿海地区以南分散,意味着海南国际旅游岛建设带来了旅游相关产业规划所确定的重点产业的空间拓展;海南省产业空间分异格局是要素禀赋作用效应、循环累积因果效应、分工经济效应、制度诱导效应、空间近邻效应和外部经济效应叠加的结果。结果基本验证了中国产业空间分异的一些研究结论,也表明海南省需要扶持内陆和民族地区发展公共服务业和优势产业,适度引导产业向部分内陆和民族市县集中和分散,以增强产业空间布局的均衡性。     

天津市单次极端低温过程中城市热岛对建筑负荷的影响

基于自动气象站实测资料,通过模拟天津市办公建筑逐时供暖负荷,重点分析了极端低温过程中城市热岛对建筑小时供暖负荷的影响,以期为精细化供暖调控和节能设计提供参考。结果表明：2009—2017年城市和乡村办公建筑供暖负荷均呈减少趋势,城市供暖负荷较乡村平均每年减少7.46%。城市热岛强度(Urban heat island intensity, UHII)每上升1℃,城市办公建筑年供暖负荷较乡村减少2.19 kWh/m²,即热岛强度的增加使城市办公建筑供暖需求有所减少,有利于城市建筑的供暖节能。以2016年1月21~25日典型极端低温过程为例,研究发现,低温过程中城乡小时供暖负荷明显增加,较低温前和低温后增加约10%~20%。受大尺度天气过程影响,低温过程中城乡气温差异变小,UHII减弱。低温前和低温后城市供暖负荷较乡村减少约6%~8%,而低温过程中城市较乡村仅减少约3%;另外,在低温过程中,北京时间07:00~19:00的高负荷时段城乡供暖负荷差异不明显,这些结果表明低温过程中城市热岛对办公建筑供暖负荷的影响不大。     

Normalised difference spectral indices and urban land cover as indicators of land surface temperature (LST)

Land cover changes associated with urbanisation modify microclimate, leading to urban heat islands, whereby cities are warmer than the surrounding countryside. Understanding the factors causing this phenomenon could help urban areas adapt to climate change and improve living conditions of inhabitants. In this study, land surface temperatures (LST) of Aarhus, a city in the high latitudes, are estimated from the reflectance of a thermal band (TIRS1; Band 10; 10.60–11.19 μm) of Landsat 8 on five dates in the summer months (one in 2015, and four in 2018). Spectral indices, modelled on the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), using all combinations of the first seven bands of Landsat 8 are calculated and their relationships with LST, analysed. Land cover characteristics, in terms of the percentages of tree cover, building cover and overall vegetation cover are estimated from airborne LiDAR data, building footprints and 4-band aerial imagery, respectively. The correlations between LST, the spectral indices and land cover are estimated.The difference in mean temperature between the rural and urban parts of Aarhus is up to 3.96 °C, while the difference between the warmer and colder zones (based on the mean and SD of LST) is up to 13.26 °C. The spectral index using the near infrared band (NIR; Band 5; 0.85-0.88 μm) and a short-wave infrared band (SWIR2; Band 7; 2.11–2.29 μm) has the strongest correlations (r: 0.62 to 0.89) with LST for the whole study area. This index is the inverse of normalised burn ratio (NBR), which has been used for mapping burnt areas. Spectral indices using different combinations of the infrared bands have stronger correlations with LST than the more widely used vegetation indices such as NDVI. The percentage of tree cover has a higher negative correlation (Pearson’s r: -0.68 to -0.75) with LST than overall vegetation cover (r: -0.45 to -0.63). Tree cover and building cover (r: 0.53 to 0.71) together explain up to 68 % of the variation in LST. Modification of tree and building cover may therefore have the potential to regulate urban LST.     

乡村地理信息服务模式探讨与实现技术

地理信息服务聚合是将服务按照业务流程需求集成为更加复杂的服务,从而提高空间信息服务的复用能力,节约地理信息服务集成的成本。本文基于地理信息服务及乡村数据的特点,提出了一种基于补偿服务机制的地理信息服务无缝聚合的方法,聚合不同来源的服务,实现了分布式数据的无缝聚合显示及共享。     

长春市城区热岛效应遥感分析

针对城市热岛效应对城市生态环境产生的诸多问题,该文以长春市为研究区,利用Landsat TM/TIRS遥感影像,采用普适单通道算法反演地表温度,分析各种驱动因子对地表温度的影响。结果表明:普适单通道算法反演得到的地表温度与卫星过境时测得的气温差值在2℃内。高程(DEM)、优化土壤调节植被指数(OSAVI)、改进归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)均与地表温度呈负相关,归一化差异不透水面指数(NDISI)与地表温度呈正相关,城市中心区地表温度相对高。长春市1995-2017年间各土地覆盖类型中水体变化最为稳定,裸地变化最为活跃;各土地覆盖类型的平均温度均呈现:建设用地>裸地>林地>水体。因此,通过增加植被与水域的覆盖范围、减少人为不透水面面积可缓解城市热岛效应。     

Spatial-temporal impacts of urban land use land cover on land surface temperature: Case studies of two Canadian urban areas

The surface fabric of urbanized areas, (i.e. its constituent land covers and land uses) plays an essential role in the generation of the urban/rural temperature differences, i.e. the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. Land surface information, derived from satellite imagery, and complementary information such as demographics can be used as the basis for an understanding of the atmospheric and surface thermal variations within cities. The results of comprehensive land surface characterizations of two major Canadian urban areas, the Greater Toronto Area and Ottawa-Gatineau, are described. Spatial information, including land cover fraction maps, land use and its historic changes, population density maps are compared with intra-urban surface temperature variations derived from satellite thermal imagery. Three aspects of the impacts of land cover and land use on urban land thermal characteristics are addressed, namely, (a) the relationships between surface temperature and subpixel land cover and population density (b) intra-city seasonal temperature variations and (c) the intensification of the urban heat island effect due to urban built-up land growth.     

随机波浪中畸形波在三维岛礁地形上的试验研究

在试验水池中,开展了波浪在岛礁地形上演化问题的研究。首先在实验水池中建立了西太平洋某岛礁地形的模型,然后采用改进的JONSWAP谱,由造波机产生不同周期、波高的随机波浪。试验中观察到了不同类型畸形波生成的过程及不同波面形态的畸形波。对偏度、峰度及水深与畸形波要素H_m/H_s（H_m表示波列中的最大波高, H_s为有效波高）的关系进行了详细的分析,同时,对畸形波波高H_fr与偏度的关也进行了分析。通过对试验结果分析,发现峰度与畸形波要素i>H_m/H_s呈正相关, H_fr增大时相应的偏度也会呈现增大的趋势。此外,水深的变化剧烈时（如斜坡、海山位置）有助于畸形波的发生。     

小海岛固体废弃物产生特点与处置模式研究

为探求小海岛固体废弃物合理的处理方式,通过文献资料查阅及对我国南海海岛的实地调查,总结出国内外小海岛固废的产生特点为夏秋季节总产量高于冬春季节、日人均产量高于大陆地区、组分以有机垃圾和可燃垃圾为主,处理方式以全部岛内填埋、全部岛外处理和岛内外协同处理为主。针对小海岛的环境特点,探讨出近距离小海岛"岛内生化+岛外焚烧、回收利用"和中远距离海岛"岛内生化+岛内焚烧"的固废处置模式,以期为我国小海岛合理开发治理提供参考。     

岛屿地形下的核电厂护岸防洪设计研究

对国内第一个岛屿地形下核电厂的护岸防洪设计进行了研究,提出直立式护岸结构方案以满足核电厂防洪和避让毗邻海岛的要求。在波浪数值模拟计算结果基础上,开展了波浪整体物理模型试验、波浪局部整体物理模型试验和波浪断面物理模型试验,对护岸的越浪量和结构稳定性进行了优化验证。研究结果表明,岛屿地形下,波浪破碎和波能集中导致护岸堤身坡脚处波高增大,须加高挡浪墙和优化挡浪墙结构型式;在相同的越浪量标准下,采用直立堤结构相对斜坡堤结构对应的护岸挡浪墙的高程须明显加高;利用部分海岛地形斜坡高地作为厂区护岸一部分时,原状海岛地形斜坡高地处的波浪爬高效应明显,须加高邻近护岸挡浪墙的高程。     

低空旋翼无人机载LiDAR系统在海岛测绘中的应用

低空旋翼无人机载LiDAR系统通过无人机平台集成三维激光扫描仪、定位定姿系统(Positioning and Orientation System,POS)为快速获取海岛、海岸带等测区地理信息提供了一种新的解决方案。首先比较了旋翼无人机LiDAR系统与传统机载LiDAR系统的不同之处,然后在海岛测绘实例中分别使用中海达ARS-100机载LiDAR系统和华测AS-300H机载LiDAR系统进行了同一海岛地形测绘,期间使用GNSS RTK技术采集地面特征点三维坐标作为校核点,检验了两种国产旋翼无人机载LiDAR测量系统在海岛测绘中的定位精度,实验结果表明两种国产设备绝对精度均达到±10 cm以内,验证了旋翼无人机载LiDAR技术在海岛礁测绘中的可行性。