碳棒涂膜式PVC膜铯离子选择电极的研制和应用

本文作者研制成功以四苯硼铯为活性物质的碳棒涂膜式PVC膜铯离子选择性电极。电极最佳膜组成:四苯硼铯5mg,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯0.4ml,硝基苯0.2ml,PVC粉0.2g。电极性能优良,制作简单,操作方便。结合大粒度磷钼酸铵和结晶形锑酸分离K~+,Na~+,巳将此电极用于卤水样中铯的测定,结果令人满意。     

Water soluble components of PM10 Chongqing, China

The concentrations of water soluble ions (Na⁺, NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃ ^-, Cl^-, and SO ₄ ^2- ) in PM₁₀ samples collected on cellulose filters by a medium-volume cascade impactor were determined, which were obtained from three kinds of areas in Chongqing: industrial area (Jiulongpo district), commercial and residential area (Jiangbei district) and background area (Jinyun Mountain in the Beibei district). The results showed that except for the background site, the annual average values of PM₁₀ are 23% – 61% higher than the national air quality standard (GradeII) (0.1 mg/m³), even that the value of the control site is still 20% higher than American standard (0.05 mg/m³). This implied that serious pollution of fine particles occurred in Chongqing. Nine kinds of soluble ions in water of PM₁₀ were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) and the annual average concentrations follow the order of [SO ₄ ^2- ] > [NO³ _-] > [Cl^-] > [F^-], and [Ca²⁺] > [NH₄ ⁺] > [K⁺] > [Na⁺] > [Mg²⁺]. Their values were different in these areas: the industrial area > the commercial and living area > the control area. As for NH_{4 +}, K⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃ ^- and SO ₄ ^2- , their seasonal average concentrations show a similar variation trend: the values in spring and fall were higher than those in summer and winter. The seasonal average concentrations of [Cl^-], [F^-], [Na⁺] and [Mg²⁺] are much lower than those of other ions. However, the concentrations of [Na⁺] changed more greatly in different seasons than those of the other three ions. Correlation coefficients showed that the three areas have been polluted by coal smoke and dust to different extents, while some local resources of pollution should be taken into consideration as well.     

凹凸棒石与Zn^2＋的长期作用研究

以凹凸棒石与Zn2＋为例研究粘土矿物与重金属离子长期作用过程,并运用高分辨透射电镜和X射线衍射分析粘土矿物与重金属离子长期作用的次生物相。结果表明：Zn2＋与凹凸棒石的长期作用是一个二阶段的过程,初始阶段为快速吸附作用,其后表现为慢速沉淀反应。高分辨透射电镜和X射线衍射分析表明,凹凸棒石与Zn2＋的长期作用过程中,具有纳米矿物特性的凹凸棒石表面快速水化,提高了悬浮液的pH值,诱导Zn2＋水解沉淀。而后,凹凸棒石缓慢溶解释放Al3＋和SiO44-与Zn（OH）2沉淀反应,形成Zn-A1双氢氧化物和异极矿。这一结果对认识土壤环境中重金属与粘土矿物的作用及重金属的归宿具有重要意义。     

金在表生条件下溶解,迁移和沉淀的探讨

金矿物在表生条件下溶解为离子金.离子金与表生络合剂结合成金络离子团迁移.在物化条件改变时,由于有机炭、粘土矿物及带异性电荷胶体吸附,使金络离子团分解成原子金沉淀.     

Fe-ZSM-5分子筛催化降解染料废水的研究

传统的Fenton均相亚铁盐催化剂处理染料废水,具有难以避免的二次污染和亚铁离子流失问题。分子筛催化剂相比传统催化剂具有高效环保的特点,在催化氧化染料废水领域有着良好的前景。本文通过液相离子交换法制备了Fe-ZSM-5非均相分子筛催化剂,替代传统的亚铁盐催化剂,应用X射线衍射对制备的Fe-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂进行表征,表明随离子交换次数的增加,Fe-ZSM-5催化剂负载的铁量上升,且较好地保持了分子筛结构,有利于提高亚铁离子的催化能力。通过实验确定了Fe-ZSM-5催化剂催化反应的最佳温度、pH值、Fe-ZSM-5的用量、反应时间等工艺参数,比较了Fe-ZSM-5催化剂和传统Fenton均相催化剂降解染料废水的脱色率和废水中铁离子的残留量,结果表明Fe-ZSM-5的脱色率达到98.5%,相比于Fenton均相催化剂的脱色率提升约3%;两种催化剂的铁离子残留量差别显著,Fe-ZSM-5催化剂处理的废水中只产生微量的Fe离子,可以认为Fe-ZSM-5非均相分子筛催化剂有效地解决了催化剂损耗和二次污染问题。     

基于示踪试验的王寨盆地水文地质条件研究

王寨盆地是大武富水地段的一个特殊补给区,地质条件较为复杂,水文地质条件的研究相对较少,利用示踪试验对该区进行水文地质条件研究,是一种简单有效的方法。本次示踪试验采用钼酸铵作为示踪剂,历时75天,钼离子浓度历时曲线分为单峰型、双峰型和多峰型,地下水视流速平均值为23373m/d。通过试验揭示了王寨盆地岩溶发育特征为溶孔、溶隙、裂隙、管道、溶洞并存,地下水径流通道有单一管道型、单管道有水池型、多管道型和多管有水池型,具有多向性和复杂性;主要的地下水径流通道有3个,均汇入淄河断裂带;地下水流向以西南、东南、正东(东北)为主,整体流动较为缓慢,溶质的运移以正东(东北)方向最快;王寨断层和边河断层具有良好的导水性。因试验在枯水期进行,降雨量较小,地下水开采的日周期性影响也相对稳定,故试验时段地下水流场较稳定,试验结果所揭示的水文地质问题也较准确。     

Development and Re‐Evaluation of Tourmaline Reference Materials for In Situ Measurement of Boron δ Values by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Six tourmaline samples were investigated as potential reference materials (RMs) for boron isotope measurement by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The tourmaline samples are chemically homogeneous and cover a compositional range of tourmaline supergroup minerals (primarily Fe, Mg and Li end‐members). Additionally, they have homogeneous boron delta values with intermediate precision values during SIMS analyses of less than 0.6‰ (2s). These samples were compared with four established tourmaline RMs, that is, schorl IAEA‐B‐4 and three Harvard tourmalines (schorl HS#112566, dravite HS#108796 and elbaite HS#98144). They were re‐evaluated for their major element and boron delta values using the same measurement procedure as the new tourmaline samples investigated. A discrepancy of about 1.5‰ in δ¹¹B was found between the previously published reference values for established RMs and the values determined in this study. Significant instrumental mass fractionation (IMF) of up to 8‰ in δ¹¹B was observed for schorl–dravite–elbaite solid solutions during SIMS analysis. Using the new reference values determined in this study, the IMF of the ten tourmaline samples can be modelled by a linear combination of the chemical parameters FeO + MnO, SiO₂ and F. The new tourmaline RMs, together with the four established RMs, extend the boron isotope analysis of tourmaline towards the Mg‐ and Al‐rich compositional range. Consequently, the in situ boron isotope ratio of many natural tourmalines can now be determined with an uncertainty of less than 0.8‰ (2s).     

Negative ions in the auroral mesosphere during a PCA event around sunset

This is a study of the negative ion chemistry in the mesosphere above Tromsø using a number of EISCAT observations of high energy proton precipitation events during the last solar maximum, and in particular around sunset on 23 October, 1989. In these conditions it is possible to look at the relative importance of the various photodetachment and photodissociation processes controlling the concentration of negative ions. The data analysed are from several UHF GEN11 determinations of the ion-plasma ACF together with the pseudo zero-lag estimate of the ‘raw’ electron density, at heights between 55 km and 85 km, at less than 1 km resolution. The power profiles from the UHF are combined with the 55-ion Sodankylä model to obtain consistent estimates of the electron density, the negative ion concentrations, and the average ion mass with height. The neutral concentrations and ion temperature are given by the MSIS90 model. These parameters are then used to compare the calculated widths of the ion-line with the GEN11 determinations. The ion-line spectrum gives information on the effects of negative ions below 70 km where they are dominant; the spectral width is almost a direct measure of the relative abundance of negative ions.     

CIC-200型离子色谱仪常见故障解析

结合夏县中心地震台CIC-200型离子色谱仪实际观测,从仪器输液系统、分离系统、基线、管路等方面详细阐述色谱仪常见故障,逐一分析原因,并给出相应故障排除方法,为同类仪器维护提供参考,并为获得准确观测数据,延长仪器使用寿命,提出日常维护方法及建议。