Analytical Developments in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry 2003

This annual review of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) highlights significant progress in the application of the technology for the following areas: U-Pb geochronology (notably in the fields of reference material zircons), sources of uncertainty during analysis and secondary ion yields. Major publications introduced a new zircon reference sample and dealt with an intercomparison study of a suite of established calibrators, some of which have been shown to have certain limitations. Another publication claimed that the principal uncertainty in U-Pb dating is related to variations in the Pb and U relative emission yields over a complete analytical session. 2003 saw the introduction of an automated particle identification procedure applied to the analysis of a chondritic meteorite, as well as new geometries of SIMS hardware (NanoSIMS) and techniques (time-of-flight SIMS). NanoSIMS allows a two to three order of magnitude reduction in sampling volume as a result of a reduced beam diameter, and time-of-flight SIMS allows the study of sample surfaces, and can provide data for elements concurrently.     

宁强陨石中不透明矿物集合体的氧同位素和成因研究

宁强碳质球粒陨石的球粒和基质中出现大量圆形的不透明矿物集合体。其中的主要矿物为磁铁矿、富镍金属和硫化物，另有少量磷酸盐、硅酸盐及微量的铂族金属。离子探针测定显示：①磁铁矿的氧同位素组成服从质量分馏[斜率为0.51±0.04,Δ17O为（-2.8±0.4)‰],δ18O值在-15.3‰~-1.6‰的较大范围内变化；②球粒中的橄榄石(Δ17O为-5.0‰）与不透明矿物集合体处于氧同位素不平衡状态。不透明矿物集合体是由小行星母体中的蚀变反应产生的，金属铁被氧化为磁铁矿，同时使剩余的金属富集镍。     

流速对D403型树脂从盐湖卤水中提取硼酸的影响研究

针对流速对D403型苯乙烯系多羟基类弱碱性硼特效离子交换树脂从盐湖卤水中提取硼酸的影响进行了研究,讨论了这种树脂对硼的吸附量与卤水流速的关系。     

Hydrogeochemical Anomalies in the Springs of the Chiayi Area in West-central Taiwan as Possible Precursors to Earthquakes

Water samples from both hot and artesian springs in Kuantzeling in west-central Taiwan have been collected on a regular basis from July 15, 1999 to the end of August 2001 to measure cation and anion concentrations as a tool to detect major earthquake precursors. The data identify chloride and sulfate ion anomalies few days prior to major quakes and lasting a few days afterward. These anomalies are characterized by increases in Cl^- concentrations from 34.9% to 41.2% and 71.5% to 138.1% as well as increases in SO₄^2- concentrations from 232.7% to 276.8% and 100.0% to 155.1% above the means in both hot and artesian springs. The occurrence of these anomalies is probably explained first as stress/strain-induced pressure changes in the subsurface water systems which then generate precursory limited geochemical discharges at the levels of subsurface reservoirs. Therefore, finally leading to the mixing of previously separated subsurface water bodies occurs. This suggests that the hot and artesian springs in the Kuantzeling area are possible ideal sites for recording strain changes serving well as earthquake precursors.     

Kinetic research on the sorption of aqueous cadmium on carbonate hydroxyapatite

The sorption of aqueous cadmium on carbonate-hydroxyapatite （CHap） is a complicated non-homogeneous solid/water reaction, From kinetic point of view, it can be described by two stages： at the earlier stage, reaction rate is so fast that its kinetic course is intricate, and at the later stage, the rate of reaction becomes slow and the process of reaction accords with one order reaction kinetic equation. Experimental results show that the relationship between reaction rate constant kl and temperature T accords to Arrhenius Equation, and the activation energy of sorption （Ea） is 6.075 J/mol and frequency factor （A） is 220 s^-1. At the same time, reaction rate constant kl increases with decreasing Cd^2＋ initial concentration, on the contrary, with increasing pH and CHap dosage.     

New aerosol particle formation via certain ion driven processes

Ions can speed up the formation of aerosol particles. The former studies have mainly concerned on the role of the ion charge itself. We have studied the possible (additional) role of the actual small air ion spectrum shape, and the quantitative role of ion–ion recombination pathway. By means of our ion evolution model, formation of new species (H₂SO₄)_n(NH₃)_m(HNO₃)_k via ion–ion recombination was investigated. The model shows how the generation rate of the new species depends on the concentrations of H₂SO₄ and NH₃, and how it depends on the tropospheric background aerosol situation. The rate can be up to a few new neutral complexes per cubic centimeter and per second. New particle generation via ion–ion recombination provides an extra channel, especially for the clean atmosphere. Former results have shown that such situations are often present in Antarctica. Our aerosol spectrum measurements reveal a number of similar non-Antarctic results. Sometimes, such situations are followed by aerosol bursts, which may be (partly) due to an ion–ion recombination channel.     

铜离子在非饱和土中迁移的离心模型试验研究

利用土工离心机考察了铜离子泄漏后6个月至3年的时间里非饱和土中铜离子的变化和污染物的迁移机理。通过4种黏性上的离心模型试验研究，总结出铜离子在这类土体中的扩散规律。铜离子在一年内，主要受重力影响和水力梯度的作用，随渗流运移，存在一个舌状竖向扩散峰，污染范围近似呈三角形；一年后扩散范围逐渐转变为近似的正方形。竖向扩散速度高于水半向。土体密实度对铜离予的扩散有较为明显的影响，有效的击实或者碾压有助下防止污染物迁移。黏粒含量对铜离子的迁移阻碍非常迅速而且有效，黏粒含量很小的变化都会对迁移范围和速度有较大的影响。     

亚暴事件中磁尾多重等离子体团的数值研究（Ⅱ）

以宁静磁尾平衡解为初态,本文考虑介质的可压缩性,对GEOTAIL卫星于亚暴事件中,观测到多重等离子体团与高能离子爆相对应之特征作模拟研究．数值结果表明：重复形成的等离子体团是高温、高密度区,揭示了等离子体团与高能离子爆──对应的动力学原因．本文的模拟结果还表明：大尺度等离子体团的地向运动,与X中性点的尾向迁移及地向流动增强相对应,而上述现象与驱动入流沿着边界的分布形态（即电场E的分布）有关．     

The morphology of oxygen greenline dayglow emission

In this study, the morphology of the oxygen greenline dayglow emission is presented. The volume emission rate profiles are obtained by using Solomons glow model. The glow model is updated in terms of recent cross sections, reaction rate coefficients and quantum yield of greenline emission. Throughout most of the thermosphere the modelled and observed emission rates are in reasonably good agreement. In the region between 98 and 120 km, the modelled emission rates are substantially higher (about a factor of 1.7) than the observed emission rates. This discrepancy is discussed in terms of scaling of solar fluxes which accounts the variation of solar activity for the day on which calculations are made. The modelled morphology of greenline emission is compared with those cases where WINDII data is available. The modelled and observed morphology is in reasonably good agreement at most of the latitudes above 120 km. In the mesosphere the qualitative nature of morphology is very similar to those of WINDII observation except the modelled emission rates are about a factor of 1.7 higher than the observed emission rates.     

Electron temperatures during rapid subauroral ion drift events

Examples of data from DE-2 satellite instruments are presented. These illustrate the behaviour of plasma parameters in the F-region and adjacent topside ionosphere during rapid sub-auroral ion drift (SAID) events. In particular, a variety of behaviours of the electron temperature (T_e) is demonstrated, both within and equatorward of the SAID region. The Sheffield University plasmasphere-ionosphere model (SUPIM) is used to perform calculations in which a model SAID is applied to a plasma flux tube. The model results indicate that strongly elevated ion temperature (a recognised signature of SAID events) is on occasion sufficient to raise T_e to observed values by ion-electron heat transfer. On other occasions, an additional heat source is required. It is suggested that such a source for the electron gas may be due to interaction between the ring current and the plasmasphere at high altitudes. The magnitude of the downward heat flux is consistent with that necessary to produce sub-auroral red arcs. The resulting strongly heated electron gas causes vibrational excitation of molecular nitrogen in the thermosphere.