福建余朋—南口火把山萤石矿地质特征及成因

笔者总结了福建余朋—南口地区火把山萤石矿床的地质特征, 并通过萤石的微量元素及稀土元素地球化学特征, 探讨了矿床的成因及成矿物质、流体来源。萤石矿石的微量元素及稀土元素结果显示: 火把山萤石呈中等Eu负异常及弱Ce异常, 稀土元素配分模式具有轻稀土富集型及轻稀土弱亏损的平缓型等两种曲线型式。根据萤石矿石特征、微量元素、稀土元素等特征及Y/Ho-La/Ho图解, 可知萤石存在至少三期成矿地质作用。依据M?ller的Tb/La-Tb/Ca成因判别图解, 结合常口萤石矿床的萤石及围岩的稀土元素特征, 认为火把山萤石成矿流体一方面与常口大型萤石矿床受同一成矿流体场控制, 并在有利的部位富集成矿; 另一方面, 成矿热液流体流经下峰岩组发生了淋滤、萃取、交换作用, 形成了不同地球化学特征的另一成矿期次的萤石。综合分析认为, 火把山萤石矿床为受断裂控制的大气降水成因的中低温热液充填矿床。     

古泥炭沉积环境及其对微量元素的控制:以宁武煤田东露天煤矿11#煤层为例*

古泥炭形成时期沉积环境对煤中微量元素的富集具有重要的影响,而煤相和相关地球化学参数是指示古泥炭沉积环境的重要标志。以宁武煤田平朔矿区东露天煤矿11#煤层为例,利用煤相参数、地球化学参数和矿物学特征对东露天11#煤层的古泥炭沉积环境进行了重建,并探讨了沉积环境对微量元素富集的影响。结果表明: (1)东露天煤矿11#煤层煤相类型包括障壁岛潟湖低位沼泽相、下三角洲平原低位沼泽相和上三角洲平原低位沼泽相3种类型,受海侵影响,沼泽水体pH、古盐度、氧化还原状态和水动力条件呈现动荡变化; (2)11#煤层中元素Li(平均133.50 μg/g)、Zr(平均198.12 μg/g)和Pb(平均60.76 μg/g)含量远高于世界硬煤; (3)微量元素在11#煤层剖面中表现为2种不同的组合,即Li-Zr-Nb-Ta-Hf组合和Pb-Cu-Ga-Ge-Tl-REY组合,前者主要在DLT-11-2、DLT-11-6和DLT-11-10这3个层位富集,这些层位具有相似的沉积环境,为海水(咸水)、酸性、缺氧—还原、水动力较强、硫含量相对较低的障壁岛—潟湖低位沼泽相,而后者主要在DLT-11-0、DLT-11-4和DLT-11-8这3个层位富集,沉积环境也相似,为海水(咸水)、碱性、氧化或缺氧、水动力较弱、硫含量相对较高的下三角洲平原低位沼泽相。该成果将为含煤盆地关键金属矿产资源的勘探开发和煤炭资源的清洁利用提供理论依据。     

胶东焦家金成矿带2420~3206 m垂深金矿物和黄铁矿微量元素特征

在胶东莱州吴一村地区完成的3266.06 m深钻,是目前焦家金成矿带最深见矿钻孔,研究钻孔揭露的深部矿石中金矿物及黄铁矿微量元素特征,对探讨深部成矿作用演化具有重要意义。笔者采取深钻中2420~3206 m垂深的岩（矿）芯样品进行了详细的岩相学和矿相学研究,结合扫描电镜和电子探针微区分析,研究了矿石中金矿物的赋存状态和成分。对不同成矿阶段形成的黄铁矿进行了LA-ICPMS微量元素分析。研究结果表明,深部矿石中载金矿物主要为黄铁矿,其次为石英、黄铜矿、方铅矿,可见金主要以自然金和银金矿的形式存在,以晶隙金和裂隙金为主,其次为包体金。与浅部金矿床比较,深部金的成色较高。黄铁矿分为6种类型,第Ⅰ成矿阶段形成富Co型黄铁矿Py1,第Ⅱ成矿阶段形成富Ni型黄铁矿Py2a和Py2b,第Ⅲ成矿阶段形成富Au、As型黄铁矿Py3a和富Au、Ag、Pb、Bi型黄铁矿Py3b,第Ⅳ成矿阶段形成贫微量元素黄铁矿Py4。其中,Py1和Py2a发生强烈破碎,裂隙表面对热液中的Au络合物产生吸附作用,对金沉淀富集起重要作用。黄铁矿中Co、Ni、As等微量元素主要以类质同象形式赋存,而Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Bi等主要以纳米级、微米级矿物包体形式赋存。Pb+Bi、Cu+Pb+Zn、Te+Bi与Au+Ag呈明显正相关,而Au与As相关性较差。黄铁矿中Co、Ni含量较低,而Au+Ag+As或Au+Ag+Pb+Bi+Cu含量较高指示成矿有利。另外,黄铁矿中Co、Ni含量较高,并且破碎强烈,成矿相关元素含量较高也指示成矿有利。     

河北省奥陶纪马家沟组顶部古风化壳中三稀元素赋存状态及富集机制

河北省奥陶纪马家沟组与晚石炭世本溪组之间发育一套古风化壳层,岩性主要为铁质黏土岩、铝质黏土岩和铝土岩,剖面从顶到底具典型的“煤-铝-铁”结构。地球化学分析结果显示,冀东石岭和冀南同义岭古风化壳样品的轻稀土元素氧化物总质量分数分别达0.0893%和0.0717%,均超过了古风化壳型轻稀土矿边界品位,冀北煤窑山古风化壳样品的轻稀土元素总质量分数为0.0504%,也具明显富集特征。古风化壳中部分样品稀有元素Li含量也超过了伴生边界品位。通过元素逐级分离试验定量分析出古风化壳中的三稀元素主要以矿物相存在,再通过X射线衍射分析、电子探针分析进一步确定三稀元素主要以类质同象赋存于伊利石、高岭石等黏土矿物中,少量以化合态存在于独立的稀土矿物中。综合分析认为,古风化壳中三稀元素的矿化富集依次经历了风化壳形成阶段、铝质岩系形成阶段及沉积压实阶段的多阶段演化。     

贵州遵义二叠纪锰矿地球化学特征与沉积环境分析：以遵义谢家坝富锰矿床为例

为分析贵州遵义二叠纪锰矿的沉积环境,对谢家坝锰矿床进行常量元素、微量和稀土元素地球化学研究。研究认为：谢家坝锰矿赋存于茅口组顶部含锰岩系中,可分为下矿层豆状、角砾状菱锰矿、似层状菱锰矿,以及上矿层碎屑状、块状菱锰矿的二元结构矿石类型组合,可广泛代表遵义锰矿的矿石特征。谢家坝锰矿上下矿层之间主量元素和稀土元素含量差异较大,常量元素SiO2、TiO2、S、Fe2O3含量上矿层均大于下矿层,MnO、MgO与 Al2O3之间均呈负相关关系;上矿层Fe/Mn值较高,属高Fe低P型锰矿,而下矿层Fe/Mn值较低,属中低Fe低P型锰矿。上矿层稀土元素PAAS标准化配分后呈现较明显的重稀土亏损、弱的轻稀土富集、右倾配分的特征,具有弱的Ce正异常,类似海底铁锰结核稀土元素特征;下矿层呈现弱的中稀土富集,轻、重稀土亏损,弱的帽式分配特征,具明显的Ce负异常,类似典型深部海水沉积稀土元素特征。微量元素Th/U、Ni/Co、V/Cr、V/（V+Ni）、AU等沉积环境古氧相分析指标和稀土元素PAAS标准化配分模式指示,谢家坝锰矿下矿层是在贫氧-厌氧条件下Mn2+与CO32-直接形成菱锰矿,上矿层在常氧-贫氧环境下Mn3+、Mn4+以氧化物或氢氧化物形式沉淀。     

滇西澜沧黑河地区超高压变质岩中金红石微量元素特征

为研究黑河地区金红石微量元素特征及榴辉岩型金红石矿床的成矿地质条件,本文选取滇西澜沧黑河地区榴辉岩、石榴多硅白云母片岩中的金红石进行LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析。结果表明金红石微量元素呈现阶梯式三级分布特征,最富集Nb、Ta,其次是Zr、Hf,含量较少的元素有Ba、Rb、Sr、Th、REE;榴辉岩、榴闪岩类原岩属于变质基性岩类,含蓝晶石榴闪岩原岩属于玄武质凝灰岩类,石榴多硅白云母片岩类原岩属于泥质岩类;榴辉岩中金红石Nb/Ta比值均要高于其全岩Nb/Ta比值,金红石Nb、Ta含量与变质作用过程中元素在各矿物间的分配系数有关;采用金红石Zr含量温度计获得黑河地区榴辉岩的峰期变质阶段金红石形成温度为578～605℃,峰期变质作用后的退变质流体会造成金红石中Zr的再平衡。此外,黑河地区具备榴辉岩型金红石矿床形成的成矿物源、成矿作用的物理化学条件以及成矿的物质基础,有一定的找矿潜力。     

中国萤石矿床分类及稀土元素地球化学特征

中国萤石资源丰富,矿床数量众多,但尚无统一的分类标准。在总结现有萤石矿床分类基础上,以成矿热液来源为依据,将单一型萤石矿床划分为岩浆期后热液型、火山-次火山热液型及热卤水型3种,并介绍了各类萤石矿床的主要地质特征。结合已有文献资料,总结归纳各类型萤石矿床的稀土元素组成特征,探讨了成矿热液演化过程。岩浆期后热液型矿床萤石具有较高的稀土总量(∑REE均值约70×10^-6)、较显著的铕负异常(δEu峰值在0.6～0.7)和较小的Y/Ho比值(主要变化范围30～65);火山-次火山热液型矿床萤石稀土总量与岩浆期后热液型接近,但具有显著的铕负异常或弱-中等的铕正异常(δEu峰值分别在0.1～0.2和1.1～1.2)和较小的Y/Ho比值(集中在40～50);热卤水型矿床萤石具有较低的稀土总量、显著的铕正异常(平均δEu>2)及较大的Y/Ho比值(均值约83)。与岩浆期后热液型和火山-次火山热液型矿床相比,热卤水型矿床的成矿流体可能经历了更复杂的演化过程。     

Reconstruction of the Yangtze Ramp during Floian to Darriwilian (Ordovician) in South China: Its Morphology, Controlling Factors and Significances

A robust stratigraphic framework and a coherent depositional ramp model for the Zitai, Dawan, Meitan and Ningkuo formations of Floian–Darriwilian age (Early–Middle Ordovician) in the Yangtze (Daoba, Xiangshuidong, Daling, Gudongkou and Honghuayuan sections) and Jiangnan regions (Nanba section) was created based on lithofacies and major element analysis. Three siliciclastic (LF1–3) and six carbonate (LF4–9) lithofacies are recognized representing sediments that were deposited in mixed siliciclastic and carbonate ramp environment. The intensity of mixed sedimentation and terrigenous input were evaluated using the elemental proxies Intensity of Mixed sedimentation (IM) and Aluminum Accumulation Rate (AlAR), as well as their mean values during certain time intervals. Mixed sediments are most well-developed along the marginal Yangtze region, strongly impacted by recurrent influx of westerly derived terrigenous materials in response to global eustatic changes and regional tectonic movements, shaping the gently southeast-dipping morphology. Regular terrigenous influx resulted in periods of enhanced primary productivity on the Yangtze Ramp as evidenced by matching biodiversity peaks in planktonic organisms, i.e., chitinozoans and acritarchs. Brachiopods and other shelly fauna were also able to proliferate as new niches developed along the gently dipping ramp floor with substrate changes. The biodiversification patterns suggest that terrigenous influx controlled in part by regional tectonics played a more important role than previously thought in the development of Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event in South China.     

Deformation induced decoupling between U-Pb and trace elements in titanite revealed through petrochronology and study of localized deformation

In this contribution, we analyzed a pair of mafic samples collected from a recently identified shear zone and its proximal footwall from the Manicouagan Imbricate Zone (MIZ) of the central Grenville Province, Québec, Canada. Titanite petrochronology, metamorphic phase equilibria modelling, trace element thermometry, and electron backscattered diffraction data were used to define a Pressure-Temperature-time-Deformation path for the two samples. An interconnected dislocation network within titanite grains, as outlined with Kerneled Average Misorientation maps, are spatially correlated with variation in the U-Pb system but not with that observed for trace element These results suggest that the U-Pb system was decoupled from trace and rare earth elements and that deformation, rather than interface-coupled dissolution-precipitation reactions or re-crystallisation, was the main driver for this decoupling. In addition to highlighting a potential pitfall of titanite petrochronology, our P-T-t-D path reveals that ductile shear zones were active later than previously suggested within the MIZ.     

New insights into the multiple magmatic fluid generations from scheelite in the Bastielieke W-polymetallic deposit,Chinese Altay (NW,China)

Scheelite is the main ore mineral in skarn-type tungsten (W-Mo, W-Sn, and W-Cu) deposits, and is also a good proxy for ore-fluid evolution and mineralization. The Bastielieke deposit is the first medium-size W-polymetallic skarn deposit discovered in the Chinese (Xinjiang, NW China) Altay. Scheelite grains at Bastielieke are distributed in biotite granite, skarn and quartz-fluorite veins. They exhibit different textures, and can be divided into four types and six subtypes, including those in granite (Schm), prograde skarn (SchI), retrograde-altered rocks (SchII), and those in late-stage quartz-fluorite veins (SchIII).SchIa and SchIb were formed in the early and late prograde stage, respectively. SchI displays homogeneous texture, enrichments of light rare earth elements (LREEs) relative to heavy REEs (HREEs), and significantly negative Eu anomalies. SchIa has higher Sr-Mo contents and LREE/HREE than SchIb. SchII shows patchy texture by overgrowth and dissolution-reprecipitation, and can be subdivided into dark (SchIIa) and light (SchIIb) zone based in CL imaging. All SchII grains are LREE-enriched with negative Eu anomalies and relatively low LREE/HREE ratios. SchIIb has much higher W-Mo-Nb-Sr contents than SchIIa, which is ascribed to late-stage hydrothermal modifications. Schm and SchIII display homogeneous texture and similar MREE-enriched patterns, as well as very low Mo-W-Sr and different Nb contents.The texture and compositional variations in Bastielieke scheelites reveal that two magmatic fluids derived from different granitic magma reservoirs were involved in the mineralization. The earlier ore-fluid is relativly oxidized and has low HREE contents, forming the early prograde skarn-stage mineralization. Episodic influxes of later F-rich granitic magmatic fluids may have modified the earlier scheelite compositions, leading to multistage W enrichment and varying intragrain compositions.