黔中—渝南铝土矿含矿岩系微量元素区域分布特征及物质来源探讨

黔中—渝南成矿带石炭纪铝土矿含矿岩系,分别形成于修文、息烽—遵义和黔北—渝南三个沉积区,大多数铝土矿属产于碳酸盐岩侵蚀面上的、少数为产于泥页岩侵蚀面上的硬水铝石沉积型铝土矿床。修文沉积区铝土矿中Zr、RE₂O₃含量最多,息烽—遵义沉积区铝土矿中Ga含量最多,黔北—渝南沉积区Li含量最多,各有特色。修文沉积区铝土矿含矿岩系的母岩,是其下伏寒武系碳酸盐岩与下奥陶统页岩、灰岩、白云岩;息烽—遵义沉积区含矿岩系的母岩为下伏下奥陶统页岩、灰岩及白云岩;黔北—渝南沉积区含矿岩系的母岩,是下伏下志留统泥、页岩和上石炭统石灰岩。碳酸盐岩中Al₂O₃与稳定的微量元素含量甚少,要演变成大面积铝土矿,必须要配以足够的含Al₂O₃和微量元素较多的泥、页岩,才可能满足形成大规模铝土矿的物质需求。     

豆荚状铬铁矿多阶段形成过程的讨论

豆荚状铬铁矿是铬的主要来源,是中国的紧缺矿种,因此,寻找一批大型铬铁矿矿床已成为解决我国对铬铁矿长期依赖进口的途经.然而对于豆荚状铬铁矿的成因,一直以来都有较大分歧.豆荚状铬铁矿及其围岩地幔橄榄岩中大量异常地幔矿物的发现,引起了各国地质学家对豆荚状铬铁矿成因的新一轮思考.本文着重讨论近年来国内外学者对豆荚状铬铁矿研究的最新成果和进展,包括豆荚状铬铁矿的形态特征、产出规律、矿物化学、铂族元素(PGE)的分布模式,铬铁矿矿石中出现的超高压矿物,以及围岩地幔橄榄岩的演化过程等等.豆荚状铬铁矿中的铬来源于两种辉石的不一致熔融与副矿物铬尖晶石,其形成环境可能在下地幔或者是过渡带的位置.豆荚状中含铂族元素矿物呈包裹体状和裂隙状分布,铂族元素含量与铬铁矿形成过程中的S饱和程度有关,具有多期性的特征.进而初步地拟定了豆荚状铬铁矿形成过程存在四个阶段,分别为铬的来源阶段、铬尖晶石及超高压矿物的结晶阶段、铬铁矿的成矿阶段、铬铁矿的就位阶段,而每一阶段的特征还需进一步细化与翔实,并且需要对不同岩体不同产出的豆荚状铬铁矿矿床进行详细的对比研究.     

胶东金青顶金矿床成矿流体来源的黄铁矿微量元素及He-Ar同位素证据

金青顶金矿床是目前国内最大的石英单脉型金矿,其金储量超过50 t,规模为大型。对该矿床成矿流体性质和来源的研究十分必要。笔者通过Ⅱ号矿体主要载金矿物黄铁矿微量元素的研究发现,其Co/Ni为2.317～11.734(平均7.17),显示主要为热液成因;高场强元素(HFSE)特征显示,成矿早期以富F流体为主,主成矿期以富Cl流体为主;稀土配分模式显示成矿物质并不是直接来源于围岩昆嵛山二长花岗岩。对黄铁矿流体包裹体He、Ar同位素特征的研究表明,3He/4He、40Ar/36Ar分别为0.1～2.2 Ra(平均值0.60 Ra),462.7～1 507.5(平均值831),显示成矿流体主要源自地壳,并与深部幔源流体发生了不同程度的混合,且上升过程中有少量大气降水加入。     

湘江下游河床沉积物元素地球化学背景值估算

本研究对湘江下游河床沉积物进行了元素地球化学分析,在认识沉积物元素地球化学特征、甄别人为源与自然源重金属的基础上,估算了沉积物的元素地球化学背景值。结果表明:SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O等主量元素及V、Co、Cr、Ba、Sc、U、Sr、Ga、Ge、Rb、Nb、Y、REE等微量元素在沉积物中含量变化相对稳定(Cv<0.2),分布相对均匀,且富集不明显(EF<2.0,Sr明显亏损)。而MnO、MgO、CaO、Na2O、P2O5等主量元素,及Cd、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属在沉积物中含量变化大(Cv>0.25),分布极不均匀,且沉积物中重金属明显富集(EF>2.0)。主成分及Pearson线性相关性分析显示,沉积物中不明显富集的微量元素主要赋存于难溶硅酸盐矿物相中,为自然源元素。而沉积物中显著富集的重金属主要赋存于铁—锰氧化物等矿物相中,为有人为源叠加的元素。故针对不同来源特征的元素用不同的方法进行了背景值计算,求得沉积物中47个元素的背景值。再利用元素比值等方法对所得背景值进行检验。结果表明,本文得到的湘江沉积物元素背景值合理,可用作流域沉积物重金属污染评价参考。     

滇东南都龙超大型锡锌多金属矿床黄铁矿LA-ICPMS微量元素组成研究

滇东南马关都龙是一个以锡锌为主,共-伴生铟、铜、铅、钨、铁、银等多种元素的锡锌多金属超大型矿床。虽然前人从矿物学、矿床地球化学、年代学等不同角度开展了较多的研究,该矿床锡锌多金属矿化为燕山晚期岩浆热液活动的产物已是不争的事实,但关于该矿床是否存在热水沉积作用及其与锡锌多金属成矿作用的关系依然存在较大争议。本文选取都龙矿区广泛存在的黄铁矿作为主要研究对象,在矿相学基础上利用LA-ICPMS对不同阶段黄铁矿的微量元素组成开展了系统的研究。野外及显微鉴定结果表明,矿区存在四种类型（期次）的黄铁矿,即：鲕状黄铁矿Py1;穿切或交代Py1的细脉状黄铁矿Py2;与闪锌矿等硫化物共生的自形黄铁矿Py3;包裹早期黄铁矿或闪锌矿等硫化物的他形黄铁矿Py4。LA-ICPMS分析结果表明,该矿床黄铁矿中富集多种微量元素,其中Co、Ni、As、Ge等元素以类质同象的形式存在黄铁矿晶格中,而其余元素多以显微矿物包体形式赋存于黄铁矿中。上述四期黄铁矿微量元素组成存在较大差别,Py1相对富集Zn和As,而其余微量元素含量较低,Co与Ni含量较低,Co/Ni比值远低于1.00,其微量元素组成与典型沉积作用形成黄铁矿基本一致;Py2与Py1具有相似的微量元素组成特征,其Co/Ni比值接近Py1变化范围;Py3和Py4除富集Zn、As外,Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Sb、Pb、Bi元素含量也相对较高,其Co/Ni比值相对较高,多大于1,与典型岩浆热液型黄铁矿微量元素组成相似,而与沉积型黄铁矿差异明显。结合各阶段黄铁矿产出地质特征,对比不同类型黄铁矿微量元素组成,本研究认为：Py1鲕状黄铁矿为热水沉积作用形成;Py2为Py1变质改造形成的细脉状黄铁矿,其微量元素继承了Py1;Py3为岩浆热液活动形成的自形黄铁矿;Py4为岩浆热液活动晚期形成的他形黄铁矿,Ag和Bi组成作为区分不同成因类型黄铁矿的化学指标的潜力。矿区早期沉积作用形成鲕状黄铁矿过程可能为后期成矿作用提供了部分硫源及少量Zn等成矿物质,海西-印支期区域变质改造作用对矿区成矿作用影响不大,而燕山晚期岩浆热液活动才是矿区锡多金属大规模成矿作用的主导因素。

     

Flat rare earth element patterns as an indicator of cumulate processes in the Lesser Qinling carbonatites, China

The Lesser Qinling carbonatite dykes are mainly composed of calcites. They are characterized by unusually high heavy rare earth element concentrations (HREE; e.g. Yb > 30 ppm) and flat to weakly light rare earth element (LREE) enriched chondrite-normalized patterns (La/Yb_n = 1.0–5.5), which is in marked contrast with all other published carbonatite data. The trace element contents of calcite crystals were measured in situ by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). Some crystals show reduced LREE from core to rim, whereas their HREE compositions are relatively constant. The total REE contents and chondrite-normalized REE patterns from the cores of carbonate crystals are similar to those of the whole rock. The carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of calcites fall within the range of primary, mantle-derived carbonatites. The initial Sr isotopic compositions (0.70480–0.70557) of calcites are consistent with an EM1 source or mixing between HIMU and EM1 mantle sources. However these sources cannot produce carbonatite parental magmas with a flat or slightly LREE enrichment pattern by low degrees of partial melting. Analyses of carbonates from other carbonatites show that carbonates have nearly flat REE pattern if they crystallize from a LREE enriched carbonatite melt. This implies that when carbonates crystallize from a carbonatite melt the calcite/melt partition coefficients (D) for HREE are much greater than the D for the LREE. The nearly flat REE patterns of the Lesser Qinling carbonatites can be explained if they are carbonate cumulates that contain little trapped carbonatite melt. Strong enrichment of HREE in the carbonatites may require their derivation by small degrees of melting from a garnet-poor source.     

Pyroxenite xenoliths and clinopyroxene megacrysts from the Cenozoic Jbel Saghro Volcanic Field (Anti-Atlas,Morocco): Petrography,mineral chemistry and equilibration conditions

A suite of mafic pyroxenite xenoliths and clinopyroxene megacrysts was brought to the surface by Cenozoic nephelinites of the Jbel Saghro Volcanic Field (Anti-Atlas, Morocco). The large population of samples was subdivided into five groups: (i) clinopyroxenites sensu stricto; (ii) olivine clinopyroxenites; (iii) mica-bearing clinopyroxenites; (iv) kaersutite-bearing clinopyroxenites; (v) clinopyroxene megacrysts. These xenoliths display a cumulate texture (adcumulate, heteradcumulate with poikilitic clinopyroxene including olivine). The clinopyroxenes have the composition of augite and show an appreciable variation of MgO (7.02–14.80 wt.%), TiO₂ (0.58–5.76 wt.%) and Al₂O₃ (2.81–12.38 wt.%) contents in grains. The clinopyroxenes are characterized by convex upward chondrite-normalized REE patterns, they display very similar trace element compositions with low contents of incompatible elements such as Rb (0−0.9 ppm), Ba (0.1–8.3 ppm), Th (0.1−0.3 ppm), U (0.01−0.04 ppm) and Nb (1.3–3.2 ppm). REE contents of the calculated melts in equilibrium with the clinopyroxene megacrysts and clinopyroxene from pyroxenite xenoliths are similar to those of the nephelinites exposed in Jbel Saghro. Crystallization temperatures of pyroxenite xenoliths and clinopyroxene megacrysts range from 950 °C to 1150 °C. Clinopyroxene barometry yielded pressure of crystallization ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 GPa for pyroxenite xenoliths and 0.3 to 0.7 GPa for clinopyroxene megacrysts. This pressure range is in agreement with pyroxenite xenoliths and clinopyroxene megacrysts being crystallized from their parental melts at the lower and upper crust.     

利用扫描电镜-电子探针研究四川杨柳坪镍铜硫化物矿床铂钯的赋存状态及沉淀机制

本文利用电子探针和配备能谱分析功能的扫描电镜对四川杨柳坪镍-铜硫化物矿床中铂钯的赋存状态进行了研究。结果表明,铂以独立矿物相砷铂矿和自然铂存在;钯以碲化物、碲铋化物、碲锑化物、锑化物及自然钯独立矿物相存在,也以类质同象形式分布在碲镍矿中(钯含量约10%),另外还以锑铋钯碲矿、六方锑碲钯矿、碲钯矿独立矿物相存,并以类质同象形式分布在Vavrinite(钯含量5%)和砷铂矿(钯含量1%~5%)中。杨柳坪矿床中铂钯元素沉淀与贱金属矿物(BMS)及晚期热液蚀变矿物蛇纹石、方解石密切相关,其沉淀经历了3个阶段:1早期高温阶段(1200~900℃),铂钯元素沉淀并包裹在BMS中;2中期中高温阶段(650~250℃),分离结晶作用使铂钯元素沉淀并分布BMS矿物的边部,同时该阶段热液来源的铂钯元素沉淀于BMS粒间;3晚期热液蚀变阶段(500~300℃),热液蚀变作用引起铂钯元素沉淀在蚀变矿物中或嵌布在BMS裂隙。本文研究成果为认识该矿床及同类型镍-铜硫化物矿床的铂钯成矿过程提供了新的依据。     

论金川硫化铜镍矿床中贵金属元素的分带机制

在金川硫化铜镍矿床最大的寓矿体内,贵金属元素存在明显分带:Pt、Pd、Au、Ag含量在边部较低,向中心部位逐渐增高;Os、Ir、Ru、Rh含量在中心部位较低,向边部逐渐增高。通过对实际资料的分析,认为这种分带特征是硫化物液相结晶分异作用造成的。     

Experiment of Coal Leaching and Study of the Separation of Trace Elements

Leaching is an important way of separation of trace elements from coal. Based on leaching experiments, the content of trace elements separated out from coal is related to their existing state and content in coal, the duration of leaching process, temperature of leaching liquor and its acidity and basicity. The higher the temperature of leaching liquor and the longer the leaching time, the higher the contents of separated trace elements will be. In the course of leaching, the pH values of leaching liquors change and different trace elements are affected differently by the pH values.