Field evidence,mineral chemical and geochemical constraints on mafic-felsic magma interactions in a vertically zoned magma chamber from the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex of Eastern India

The Nimchak granite pluton (NGP) of Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex (CGGC), Eastern India, provides ample evidence of magma interaction in a plutonic regime for the first time in this part of the Indian shield. A number of outcrop level magmatic structures reported from many mafic-felsic mixing and mingling zones worldwide, such as synplutonic dykes, mafic magmatic enclaves and hybrid rocks extensively occur in our study domain. From field observations it appears that the Nimchak pluton was a vertically zoned magma chamber that was intruded by a number of mafic dykes during the whole crystallization history of the magma chamber leading to magma mixing and mingling scenario. The lower part of the pluton is occupied by coarse-grained granodiorite (64.84–66.61?wt.% SiO₂), while the upper part is occupied by fine-grained granite (69.80–70.57?wt.% SiO₂). Field relationships along with textural and geochemical signatures of the pluton suggest that it is a well-exposed felsic magma chamber that was zoned due to fractional crystallization. The intruding mafic magma interacted differently with the upper and lower granitoids. The lower granodiorite is characterized by mafic feeder dykes and larger mafic magmatic enclaves, whereas the enclaves occurring in the upper granite are comparatively smaller and the feeder dykes could not be traced here, except two late-stage mafic dykes. The mafic enclaves occurring in the upper granite show higher degrees of hybridization with respect to those occurring in the lower granite. Furthermore, enclaves are widely distributed in the upper granite, whereas enclaves in the lower granite occur adjacent to the main feeder dykes.Geochemical signatures confirm that the intermediate rocks occurring in the Nimchak pluton are mixing products formed due to the mixing of mafic and felsic magmas. A number of important physical properties of magmas like temperature, viscosity, glass transition temperature and fragility have been used in magma mixing models to evaluate the process of magma mixing. A geodynamic model of pluton construction and evolution is presented that shows episodic replenishments of mafic magma into the crystallizing felsic magma chamber from below. Data are consistent with a model whereby mafic magma ponded at the crust-mantle boundary and melted the overlying crust to form felsic (granitic) magma. The mafic magma episodically rose, injected and interacted with an overlying felsic magma chamber that was undergoing fractional crystallization forming hybrid intermediate rocks. The intrusion of mafic magma continued after complete solidification of the magma chamber as indicated by the presence of two late-stage mafic dykes.     

Cretaceous A-type volcanic–intrusive rocks and simultaneous mafic rocks along the Gan-Hang Tectonic Belt,Southeast China: petrogenesis and implications for the transition of crust–mantle interaction

ABSTRACT

Abundant evidence points to the Cretaceous crust–mantle interaction and plate subduction in the Gan-Hang Tectonic Belt (GHTB), southeastern China, but the evolutionary process remains poorly constrained. Here we conduct a comprehensive study on Daqiaowu granitic porphyry and diabase dikes in the eastern GHTB, in conjunction with previous studies on simultaneous felsic and mafic rocks along the GHTB, to demonstrate their petrogenesis and geodynamic evolutionary process. The Daqiaowu granitic porphyry (125 Ma), as well as the coeval granitic rocks, exhibits high zircon saturation temperatures, alkalis, 10⁴*Ga/Al ratios, and Zr + Nb + Ce + Y contents, concluding a distinctive belt of the Early Cretaceous (~137–125 Ma) A-type volcanic–intrusive rocks in the GHTB. Their ε_Nd(t) and zircon ε_Hf(t) values gradually increased through time from approximately ?9.0 to ?1.0 and ?10.0 to +4.0, respectively, implying increasing contribution of mantle-derived components to their formation, and hence progressively intensified crust–mantle interaction in an intra-arc rift environment (a geodynamic transition stage from continental arc to back-arc) during the Early Cretaceous. This plausibility is further supported by the Early Cretaceous Daqiaowu diabase dikes and coeval mafic rocks which exhibit arc-like magmatic signatures and were derived from mantle wedge. In contrast, the Late Cretaceous mafic rocks show ocean island basalt-like geochemical characteristics, reflecting a depleted asthenosphere mantle source. This discrepancy of mantle sources concludes that the geodynamic setting in the GHTB may have basically transferred to back-arc regime in the Late Cretaceous. Thus, the Cretaceous geodynamic evolutionary process in the GHTB can be defined as the Early Cretaceous gradually intensified crust–mantle interaction in a geodynamic transition stage (from continental arc to back-arc extension) and the Late Cretaceous back-arc extensional setting.     

西昆仑北缘沙拉吾如克铜铅矿地质特征及矿床成因浅析

西昆仑北缘沙拉吾如克铜铅矿是区域内较为典型的矿床类型之一,矿体主要赋存于加里东期阿勒玛勒克杂岩体中,受沙拉吾如克断裂的控制。矿石矿物主要有黄铜矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿等,矿石铜铅品位相对较贫,一般Cu含量为0.50%~1.33%(平均0.7%),Pb为0.60%~5.99%(平均0.9%)。铜铅矿石的稀土总量(ΣREE)为83.5×10~(-6)~122×10~(-6),相对围岩(ΣREE为257×10~(-6)~342×10~(-6))来说,明显偏低。铜铅矿石的δEu为0.90~1.04,δCe为0.95~0.96,表现为铕和铈的无异常。含矿岩系稀土元素含量及配分模式显示出成矿元素直接来源于阿勒玛勒克杂岩体,特别是来自晚序次的似斑状石英二长岩或二长花岗岩(均为埃达克岩),矿床类型属于斑岩型矿床,为区域上加里东期成矿事件的产物,与大同一带加里东期铜钼矿的形成具有一致的大陆动力地质学过程,即原特提斯洋(西昆仑北洋)向南俯冲消减,进而引起花岗质岩浆活动并成矿。     

What is Franciscan?: revisited

The Franciscan Complex of California is better understood now than in 1972, when Berkland et al. defined it as a complex and divided it into three geographic belts. A re-evaluation is needed. Belts first served as major architectural units, but they have been abandoned by some and renamed as and subdivided into tectonostratigraphic terranes by others. The Franciscan Complex – considered to be the archetypical accretionary complex by many – is the folded, faulted, and stratally disrupted rock mass comprising the supramantle basement of the California-Southern Oregon Coast Ranges exposed east of the Salinian Block and west of and structurally below principal exposures of the Coast Range Fault, Coast Range Ophiolite, Great Valley Group, and Klamath Mountains. The Complex is dominated by sandstones and mudrocks, but contains mafic oceanic crustal fragments with chert, limestone, and other rock types, and zeolite, prehnite-pumpellyite, blueschist, and rare amphibolite and eclogite facies metamorphic rocks. Review of historical precedence, new data, available large-scale maps, and fundamental definitions suggest now (1) that the Belt terminology as applied to the entire Franciscan Complex conflicts with current knowledge of Franciscan rocks and architecture; and (2) that most named Franciscan terranes and nappes are inconsistent with basic definitions of those unit types. The major architectural units into which the Franciscan Complex can be divided are accretionary units – mélanges and underthrust sheets. Underthrust sheets can be subdivided into smaller units, e.g. broken formations and olistostromal mélanges, mappable using traditional lithostratigraphic and structural mapping techniques. Unresolved controversies in reconstruction of the nature and history of the accretionary complex relate to specific mélange origins; megathrust versus subduction channel mélange models; chert conundrums; delineation of the ages, subdivisions, and regional architecture of Franciscan units; palinspastic reconstruction of the pre-Late Cenozoic architecture; and reconstruction of the complete histories of accretionary units.     

Late Mesozoic high-K calc-alkaline magmatism in Southeast China: the Tongling example

ABSTRACT

We report new zircon U–Pb ages, Hf isotopic and geochemical results for the Tongling granitic plutons of Southeast China. SHRIMP U–Pb ages for the Miaojia quartz monzodiorite porphyrite,the Tianebaodan and Tongguanshan quartz monzodiorites, the Xinqiaotou granodiorite porphyry, and the Shatanjiao and Nanhongchong granodiorite are 143 ± 2, 141 ± 1 and 142 ± 1, 147 ± 1, and 145 ± 1 and 139 ± 1 Ma, respectively. Combined with previous geochronological data, our results indicate that the porphyritic rocks are older than rocks of the same type lacking porphyritic texture. Geochemically, these high-K calc-alkaline intrusive rocks are characterized by arc-like trace element distribution patterns, with significant enrichment in LILE and LREE but depletion in HFSE. Lu–Hf isotopic compositions of zircons from the high-K calc-alkaline (HKCA) rocks have ε_Hf(t) values of magmatic 139–147 Ma zircons from ?8.1 to ?25.6, with two-stage model ages (t_DM2) of 1.71–2.67 Ga, whereas ε_Hf(t) values of inherited 582–844 Ma zircons range from 5.4 to ?9.5, with t_DM2 of 1.39–2.22 Ma, younger than t_DM2 values of igneous zircon, indicating that newly formed mantle material was added to the continental crust of the Yangtze Block. Moreover, ε_Hf(t) values of inherited zircon cores older than 1000 Ma are from ?7.8 to ?26, similar to magmatic zircons, and the t_DM2 values are all greater than 3.0 Ga (3.16–3.75 Ga), reflecting partial melting of ancient sialic material. We conclude that the plutonic melts were derived from both the enriched mantle and the ancient crust. The HKCA Tongling intrusions coincide temporally with the J₃–K₁ magmatic event that was widespread in Southeast China. This igneous activity may have accompanied sinistral slip along the Tan-Lu fault due to oblique subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate.     

新疆坡北杂岩体西端镁铁-超镁铁质岩体成因的稀有气体同位素制约

新疆坡北镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体由一个辉长岩体以及二十多个超镁铁质侵入体组成,其中坡一超镁铁质岩体稀有气体同位素组成揭示存在地幔柱的贡献。坡北杂岩体西端的坡一、坡四、坡十和坡十四等几个超镁铁质岩体的稀有气体同位素对比分析结果表明,岩浆矿物的³He/⁴He值（0.26~2.79Ra）分布于地壳与地幔值之间,较高的²⁰Ne/²²Ne和较低的²¹Ne/²²Ne值分布于Ne质量分馏线（MFL）和L-K线之间,⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar=295~598。³He/⁴He与⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar比值揭示坡北杂岩体西端不同超镁铁质岩体形成过程中地幔（柱）、地壳和大气组分的贡献不同,岩体成因也可能不同。其中,坡一岩体具有地幔柱作用的贡献,其他三个岩体的岩石圈地幔及地壳流体组分的贡献较大。岩浆地幔源区由深部地幔柱物质叠加俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔物质所组成,大气与地壳物质组分可能由俯冲再循环洋壳带入到岩浆地幔源区以及围岩物质的混入。     

内蒙锡林浩特晚石炭世辉长质岩体的成因:陆内伸展背景下富水地幔源区熔融的产物

内蒙中部晚石炭世岩浆活动的成因及动力学背景对于揭示古亚洲洋俯冲和兴蒙造山带演化的具有重要意义。本文选取锡林浩特南部晚石炭世辉长质侵入体为研究对象,开展高精度SIMS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩主微量和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素分析,旨在讨论其岩石成因,为制约兴蒙造山带的演化和理解深部流体循环过程提供更多信息。辉长质岩体样品的锆石CL图像呈弱环状结构、条带状或岩浆生长带(Th/U=0. 3～2. 5)。SIMS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,锡林浩特辉长质岩体的侵位年龄为316. 9±2. 2Ma,为兴蒙造山带晚石炭世区域性岩浆活动的产物。该岩体经历了橄榄石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用,但受堆晶作用和地壳物质混染作用的影响较小;同时具有较低的87Sr/86Sr初始比值(0. 7034～0. 7041),但相对高的εNd(t)(+5. 58～+6. 88)和εHf(t)值(+12. 07～+13. 44),并显示Rb、Sr、U和Pb等流体活动性元素相对富集,但Nb和Ta等非流体活动性元素相对亏损的特征,暗示其起源于遭受含水流体交代富集的地幔源区。流体交代富集作用很可能发生在源区部分熔融过程中或者在部分熔融之前较短的时间内,即反映较为年轻的交代事件。锡林浩特辉长闪长岩具有相对较高的Si O_2(51. 7%～53. 2%)、Cr (138. 4×10~(-6)～757. 2×10~(-6))和Ni (50. 4×10-6～141. 1×10~(-6))含量以及Zn/Fe比值(10. 8～11. 5),但相对较低的Al2O3(13. 1%～16. 8%)含量,暗示源区可能富含斜方辉石,由橄榄岩+辉石岩脉组成。通过对比总结兴蒙造山带晚石炭世岩浆岩岩石组合的地球化学特征以及其他地质资料,本文认为古亚洲洋在晚石炭世之前已经闭合,而锡林浩特辉长质岩体形成于陆内伸展的构造背景。结合同期玄武岩母岩浆的高含水量特征(高达4. 41%),本文认为锡林浩特及其邻区晚石炭世岩浆活动是遭受地幔转换带滞留俯冲板块析出富水流体交代的地幔源区部分熔融的产物,从而建立了深部流体循环过程与造山后伸展背景下岩浆活动的成因联系。     

中天山阿拉塔格环状杂岩体中闪长质包体地球化学与岩浆混合作用

环状杂岩体的岩相分带有多种成因模式。为了查明新疆阿拉塔格环状岩体的成因,本文特就其中暗色包体的成因及其岩浆演化进行探讨。包体分布极不均匀,在酸性岩单元的东南角集中发育,大部分呈浑圆状或次圆状,微细粒结构,部分包体中含有寄主岩石中的长石斑晶。通过对暗色包体主量、微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素及单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄测试,认为该环状岩体中的暗色包体主要为闪长质-花岗闪长质岩浆包体,包体SiO_2(56.72%~61.80%)低,K_2O+Na_2O(8.12%~10.55%)高,具有高钾富碱的特征,属于高钾钙碱性岩石系列;里特曼指数(σ)为4.59~4.85,稀土元素富集。包体及寄主岩的主量和微量元素协变图呈不同程度的线性关系,而且两者稀土、微量元素曲线形态相近,显示出包体和寄主岩在地球化学特征上既有相似性,又有不同的特点。这种特征表明,环状花岗岩岩浆的形成至少与两种岩桨的混合有关。包体的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)t较低(0.705204~0.705914)、ε_(Nd)(t)=1.65~2.57,全部为正值,揭示包体的原始岩浆为幔源玄武质岩浆。包体和寄主岩石的关系显示岩浆的混合方式为基性岩浆注入到已经开始结晶的酸性岩浆。本研究为环状杂岩体的多种成因过程提供了重要依据,认为其中的环状花岗岩单元为壳源酸性岩浆与幔源基性岩浆混合作用的产物。包体和寄主岩石的特征均反映在晚古生代中天山造山带发生过一定程度的后碰撞地壳垂向生长。     

东昆仑造山带大水沟中酸性侵入岩的形成时代及岩石地球化学特征

对东昆仑造山带东段大水沟一带开展锆石U-Pb测年和岩石地球化学研究。获得英云闪长岩锆石U-Pb定年为(402±2) Ma,属早泥盆世华力西期。岩石地球化学特征显示: Al饱和指数A/CNK集中在0.946~1.077之间; 轻重稀土比值LREE/HREE在2.94~18.93范围,显示轻稀土富集; δEu在0.01~0.85之间,属于Eu亏损型; δCe在0.95~1.23之间,反映出无异常—轻微富集。岩体整体显示以I型花岗岩为主的特点,结合构造环境判别图解,综合判断大水沟一带中酸性侵入岩属东昆仑东段早泥盆世后碰撞造山花岗岩。     

Dual-tree complex wavelet transform-based image enhancement for accurate long-term change assessment in coal mining areas

The main objective of this study was to improve the long-term land use change detection by improving classification accuracy of previous generation satellite image using a recent super-resolution technique. The study also analysed the change in land cover over a period of 41 years in a coal mining area. A dual-tree complex wavelet transform-based image super-resolution technique was used to enhance Landsat images of 1975 and 2016. Separating pixels with similar spectral response is an enigmatical task, especially when those pixel represent different ground features. Therefore, an advanced neural net supervised classifier was used to minimize classification errors. Accuracy of the classified images (both super-resolved and original) were measured using confusion matrices and kappa coefficients. A significant improvement of more than 10% was observed in the overall classification accuracy for the image of 1975, highlighting that the classification accuracy of earlier generation satellite data can be improved substantially.