西昆仑库科西力克一带多金属矿地质及地球化学特征的初步研究

新疆阿克陶县恰尔隆一带1：5万区调工作中曾在库科西力克一带发现数个具有一定工业价值的矿点,这些矿点位于西昆仑铜钼多金属元素富集带,其矿种齐全,涉及Au、Ag、Cu、Pb—Zn、M0、W和Fe等,分布较为集中,资源前景较好,找矿潜力巨大。本文从矿床地质及元素地球化学的角度对一些典型矿点进行了系统调查、采样、分析及研究,发现库尔尕斯金铜矿点主成矿元素中Ag、Cu和Pb具有一致的成矿阶段,而Au受后期构造作用可能滞后富集成矿。同时各矿点间REE含量及分布模式存在较大的差异。除库尔尕斯金铜矿点外,各矿点中矿石和围岩REE总量和分布模式差别也较为明显。认为库科西力克一带各矿点在成矿地质条件上具有一定的联系,成矿物质可能主要来源于深部,主要受区域性断裂（库科西力克断裂）及岩浆活动的影响,但各矿点之间具有各自的成矿特点,这与各矿点不同的矿床类型相关。     

工程地质学的未来在中国

主要讨论中国工程地质学的优势所在 ,并指出工程地质学在中国的潜在发展前景     

鄂东丰山矿田卡林型金矿地质地球化学特征

鄂东丰山矿田主要由丰山 (封山洞 )铜矿床、鸡笼山金铜矿床和李家湾铜矿床组成。经野外调查和室内研究 ,确认矿田内存在卡林型金矿 ,金平均品位约 5× 1 0 -6,远景储量在大型以上。该卡林型金矿的主要特征是 :(1 )分布于丰山斑岩体周围的中酸性岩脉发育区 ;(2 )容矿岩石为下三叠统大冶组薄层状 -纹层状和角砾状碳酸盐岩 ;(3)矿体主要受高角度断层控制 ,通常产于岩脉的一侧或附近 ;(4 )矿石普遍具白色细网脉状方解石化和碳泥化 ,裂面上常见黑色碳质被膜 ;(5 )金主要为次显微金 ;(6 )成矿物质主要来自矿源层 ,部分来自岩浆 ,成矿热液水主要来自大气降水     

Giant Mineral Deposits and Their Geodynamic Setting in the Lanping Basin, Yunnan, China

There are giant mineral deposits, including the Jinding Zn-Pb and Baiyangping Ag-Co-Cu, and otherimportant mineral deposits (e.g., Baiyangchang Ag-Cu, Jinman Cu deposits, etc.) in the Lanping Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin, Yunnan Province, China. The tabular ore-bodies and some veins hosted in terrestrial clastic rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic age and no outcropping of igneous rocks in the giant deposits lead to the proposal of syngenetic origin, but the giant mineral deposits are not stratabound (e.g. MVT, sandstone- and Sedex-type). They formed in a continental red basin with intense crust movement. The mineralization is controlled by structures and lithology and occurs in different strata, and no sedimentary nature and no exhalative sediments are identified in the deposits. The deposits show some relations with organic matter (now asphalt and petroleum) and evaporates (gypsum). The middle-low-temperature (mainly 110℃ to 280℃) mineralization took place at a depth of about 0.9 km to 3.1 km during the early     

Hydrogen content of sand dunes within Olympia Undae

Neutron currents measured using the Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer, seasonally varying temperatures measured using the Thermal Emission Spectrometer, and visible images measured using the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) are studied to determine the water content and stratigraphy of Olympia Undae. Both the neutron and thermal infrared data are best represented by a two-layered model having a water-ice equivalent hydrogen content of 30±5% in a lower semi-infinite layer, buried beneath a relatively desiccated upper layer that is 9±6 g/cm² thick (about 6 cm depth at a density of 1.5 g/cm³). A model that is consistent with all three data sets is that the dunes contain a top layer that is relatively mobile, which overlays a niveo-aeolian lower layer. The geomorphology shown by the HiRISE images suggests that the bottom layer may be cemented in place and therefore relatively immobile.     

Rock Mass Characteristics in Beishan, A Preselected Area for China’s High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal

Geological and hydrological characteristics, joint geometric features, rock physical and mechanical properties and rock mass quality are studied in the Beishan area, preselected for China’s high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal engineering. A comprehensive survey method is developed to study joint geometric features in the outcrop and samples from borehole BS06 into the Xinchang rock mass were tested. The optimal joint sets are determined by rose diagrams and equal-area lower hemisphere plots of joint poles. Results show that: 1) the distribution of joint occurrence obeys a normal distribution, while the distribution of joint spacing obeys a negative exponential distribution; 2) concentric circular and tangent circular sampling windows are applied to study the trace length and the trace midpoint density. Results indicate that tangent circular sampling window is more stable and reasonable; 3) Beishan granite shows high density, low porosity and high strength based on many laboratory tests and the physical properties and mechanical properties are closely related; and 4) a synthesis index, Joint Structure Rating (JSR), is applied to evaluate the quality of rock mass. Through the research results of rock mass characteristics, the Xinchang rock mass in the Beishan preselected area has the favorable conditions for China’s HLW disposal repository site.     

胶东黄铁矿显微构造变形与金富集关系：黄铁矿EBSD组构和地球化学约束

载金黄铁矿显微构造变形与金富集关系可以从显微-超显微尺度揭示金成矿作用和地质过程,探讨金的再活化或再聚集作用。在胶东焦家金矿带成矿期识别出4种类型的黄铁矿,文章应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和电子探针(EMPA)等技术方法,探讨黄铁矿显微构造特征、超微观结构与金的富集关系。结果显示:载金黄铁矿均不发育环带,其中w(Fe)为45.70%～46.85%,w(S)为52.57%～53.37%;显微构造变形既有脆性变形又有塑性变形;黄铁矿晶体优选方位(CPO)主要表现为平行于晶轴极密和复杂极密;黄铁矿晶格间距为0.58 nm,主要发育刃位错。焦家金矿带在金成矿作用过程中,可见金集合体经历了从复杂的纳米尺度到宏观尺度矿物载体富集的过程,包括成矿流体中金络合物、金-铋-硫族化合物富集等化学结构变化过程和纳米金、载金黄铁矿纳米颗粒、岩矿石显微-超显微构造微环境变化过程。因此,不同类型载金黄铁矿CPO受到化学结构变化和显微-超显微变形微环境变化的联合制约,间接反映出载金黄铁矿中金的富集与黄铁矿内部变形、表面形貌和结构缺陷有密切关系。     

甘肃白银厂折腰山VMS矿床蚀变带元素迁移及定量计算

折腰山矿床是甘肃省白银厂矿田内最典型的火山成因块状硫化物(VMS)矿床,赋矿围岩主要为奥陶纪石英角斑凝灰岩,属于FⅡ类流纹岩,为弧后环境的产物,在海底对流循环成矿作用过程中,遭受强烈的热液改造,形成了多种类型的蚀变。文章将折腰山矿床蚀变围岩分为弱蚀变带→绢云母硅化带→绿泥石化带→矿化带,利用蚀变趋势图解和质量迁移计算等方法,定量揭示了热液蚀变过程中元素的迁移规律。研究表明:①从弱蚀变带→矿化带,蚀变强度逐渐增大,主量元素P、Mn有一定活动性,二者的迁移量分别为-8.8%～8.8%和-1.8%～9.9%,但迁移趋势不规律;Si迁移量变化范围较大,为-16.2%～83.73%;Na、Ca、Sr大量迁出,其中Na、Ca最大迁出量分别可达-3.11%和-2.71%;Mg、Fe依次迁入,并在绿泥石化带中达到最大值9.49%和69.73%;K在绢云母化带中迁入量出现峰值1.6%,其后逐渐迁出,最大可达-2.22%;Rb的迁移行为与K一致;②高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等在热液蚀变过程中相对保持惰性;Al、Ti及Y表现为弱活动性;③主要成矿元素Cu随蚀变强度的增大,其迁入量有递增的趋势,Pb、Zn在矿化带中迁入,其余各带均为迁出;④热液活动过程中,SiO_2活化再沉淀,形成硅化蚀变;K的迁入形成绢云母化,并消耗了H~+,使热液酸度减小;Mg、Fe的迁入在还原环境下形成绿泥石化,并伴随金属硫化物的沉淀。因此,折腰山矿床中的绿泥石化可能是导致矿质发生沉淀的重要蚀变作用,其在勘查工作中可以作为寻找VMS矿体的重要标志。     

陕西大西沟喷流沉积型菱铁矿矿床地质特征及矿床成因

陕西大西沟铁矿床位于秦岭造山带山-柞盆地西北部,与银洞子大型银铅矿床毗邻。矿体主要赋存在泥盆系青石垭组中上段,容矿岩石为一套海相复理石碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩建造。矿床的金属矿物主要有菱铁矿、磁铁矿、黄铁矿,其次为黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿等;非金属矿物主要是重晶石、石英、铁白云石,其次为方解石、绢云母、绿泥石、黑云母、斜长石、钠长石、堇青石等,局部地段由于表生氧化和次生富集作用而形成针铁矿、赤铁矿、蓝辉铜矿等。与矿化有关的围岩蚀变较弱,主要有硅化、绢云母化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化。基于野外地质观察、矿物共生组合和矿石结构构造的系统研究,将大西沟铁矿床的形成划分为3期6阶段,分别是:①喷流沉积期:硅质岩-黄铁矿-菱铁矿阶段(Ⅰ)、重晶石-磁铁矿阶段(Ⅱ);②热液改造期:堇青石-黄铁矿-磁铁矿阶段(Ⅲ)、石英-碳酸盐阶段(Ⅳ)、碳酸盐-硫化物-磁铁矿阶段(Ⅴ);③表生氧化期(Ⅵ)。流体包裹体显微测温结果表明,喷流沉积期Ⅰ阶段菱铁矿完全均一温度和盐度w(NaCl_(eq))峰值区间分别为230～270℃和13%～14.5%,Ⅱ阶段重晶石中流体包裹体的完全均一温度和盐度w(NaCl_(eq))峰值区间分别为220～290℃和9%～13%;热液改造期Ⅳ阶段菱铁矿和石英中气液两相包裹体均一温度峰值区间为240～300℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为2.6%～15.7%;热液改造期Ⅴ阶段菱铁矿与石英中流体包裹体,除大量气液两相包裹体外,还发育有含子矿物多相包裹体,其中,气液两相包裹体均一温度峰值区间为290～340℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为5.1%～13.4%,含子矿物多相包裹体均一温度峰值区间为380～440℃,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为40.6%～59.7%。含子晶流体包裹体可能是流体不混溶或/和高盐度流体加入的反映。矿区内不同产状碳酸盐矿物的C、O同位素组成比较均一,δ~(13)C_(PDB)值集中在-3.58‰～-1.15‰之间,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)值为21.22‰～21.82‰,均表现出海相碳酸盐或海底喷流热液溶解海相碳酸盐的特征。大西沟矿床的地质、矿化和流体特征与海底热液喷流沉积型矿床一致,可能属于典型的喷流沉积型菱铁矿床,但后期受到秦岭造山作用的影响及热液叠加改造并形成磁铁矿和少量硫化物。大西沟菱铁矿矿床与邻近的银洞子铅锌矿组成一个较完整的喷流沉积成矿系统,两者可能分别代表了喷流沉积的边缘相和中心相。     

小秦岭Q9325、Q141、Q127号矿脉地质特征及深部找矿前景分析

Q9325、Q141、Q127号矿脉位于有利成矿构造部位和矿化富集区段,其深部具有良好的物理激电异常显示,推断三矿脉深部具有较好的找矿前景。